1. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 1 Chapter 23: Reflection and Refraction of Light Huygens’s Principle Reflection Refraction Total Internal Reflection Polarization by Reflection Formation of Images Plane Mirrors Spherical Mirrors Thin Lenses

2. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 2 §23.1 Huygens’s Principle A set of points with equal phase is called a wavefront.

3. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 3 A ray points in the direction of wave propagation and is perpendicular to the wavefronts. Or a ray is a line in the direction along which light energy is flowing.

4. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 4 Huygens’s principle: At some time t, consider every point on a wavefront as a source of a new spherical wave. These wavelets move outward at the same speed as the original wave. At a later time t+  t, each wavelet has a radius v  t, where v is the speed of propagation of the wave. The wavefront at t+  t is a surface tangent to the wavelets.

5. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 5 Geometric optics is an approximation to the behavior of light that applies when interference and diffraction are negligible. In order for diffraction to be negligible, the sizes of objects must be large compared to the wavelength of light.

6. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 6 §23.2 Reflection of Light When light is reflected from a smooth surface the rays incident at a given angle are reflected at the same angle. This is specular reflection.

7. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 7 Reflection from a rough surface is called diffuse reflection. “Smooth” and “rough” are determined based on the wavelength of the incident rays.

8. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 8 The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal all lie in the same plane. The incident ray and reflected ray are on opposite sides of the normal.

9. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 9 §23.3 Refraction of Light When light rays pass from one medium to another they change direction. This is called refraction.

10. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 10 Snell’s Law where the subscripts refer to the two different media. The angles are measured from the normal. When going from high n to low n, the ray will bend away from the normal.

11. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 11 The incident ray, transmitted ray, and normal all lie in the same plane. The incident and transmitted rays are on opposite sides of the normal.

12. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 12 Example (text problem 23.11): Sunlight strikes the surface of a lake. A diver sees the Sun at an angle of 42.0° with respect to the vertical. What angle do the Sun’s rays in air make with the vertical? surface n 1 = 1.00; air n 2 = 1.33; water Normal 42° Transmitted wave incident wave 11

13. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 13 §23.4 Total Internal Reflection The angle of incidence for when the angle of refraction is 90° is called the critical angle.

14. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 14 If the angle of incidence is greater than or equal to the critical angle, then no wave is transmitted into the other medium. The wave is completely reflected from the boundary. Total internal reflection can only occur when the incident medium has a larger index of refraction than the second medium.

15. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 15 Example (text problem 23.22): Calculate the critical angle for sapphire surrounded by air. surface n 2 = 1.0; air n 1 = 1.77; sapphire Normal Transmitted wave incident wave  2 =90  11

16. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 16 §23.5 Polarization by Reflection Brewster’s angle is the angle of incidence for which the reflected light is completely polarized. Light is totally polarized when the reflected ray and the transmitted ray are perpendicular.

17. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 17 Example (text problem 23.32): (a) Sunlight reflected from the still surface of a lake is totally polarized when the incident light is at what angle with respect to the horizontal? The angle is measured from the normal, so 90  - 53.1  = 36.9  is the angle from the horizontal.

18. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 18 (b) In what direction is the reflected light polarized? Example continued: It is polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence.

19. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 19 Example continued: (c) Is any light incident at this angle transmitted into the water? If so, at what angle below the horizontal does the transmitted light travel? From Snell’s Law: The angle is measured from the normal, so 90  - 36.9  = 53.1  is the angle from the horizontal.

20. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 20 §23.6 Formation of Images An image is real if light rays from a point on the object converge to a corresponding point on the image. A camera lens forms a real image.

21. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 21 Your eye focuses the diverging rays reflected by the mirror. The light rays appear to come from behind the mirror. An image is virtual if the light rays from a point on the object are directed as if they diverged from a point on the image, even though the rays do not actually pass through the image point.

22. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 22 Example (text problem 23.35): A defect in a diamond appears to be 2.00 mm below the surface when viewed from directly above that surface. How far beneath the surface is the defect. Surface Actual location of defect Air n 2 =1.00 Diamond n 1 = 2.419 11 22 11 22 y y’

23. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 23 The angles  1 and  2 are related by Snell’s Law: The actual depth of the defect is y and it appears to be at a depth of y’. These quantities are related by: Example continued:

24. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 24 Dividing the previous two expressions gives: As long as you are directly above the defect and its image, the angles  1 and  2 are nearly 0°. Rays from only a narrow range of angles will enter your eye. The above expression simplifies to: (general result) Example continued:

25. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 25 The actual depth of the defect in the diamond is then Example continued:

26. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 26 §23.7 Plane Mirrors A point source and its image are at the same distance from the mirror, but on opposite sides of the mirror. Treat an extended object as a set of point sources.

27. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 27 Example (text problem 23.41): Entering a darkened room, Gustav strikes a match in an attempt to see his surroundings. At once he sees what looks like another match about 4 m away from him. As it turns out, a mirror hangs on one of the walls. How far is Gustav from the wall with the mirror? The image seems 4 m away, but the mirror is only 2 m away since the rays will appear to come from a point 2 m behind the mirror.

28. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 28 §23.8 Spherical Mirrors A convex (or diverging) mirror curves away from the observer. Principal axis vertex Center of curvature The focal point

29. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 29 A ray parallel to the principle axis is reflected, and it appears to have come from point F, the focal point of the mirror. For a convex mirror, the focal point is on the axis and is located a distance 0.5R behind the mirror, where R is the radius of curvature.

30. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 30 Drawn in green, red, and blue are the principal rays. 1.A ray parallel to the principal axis is reflected as if it came from the focal point. (green) 2.A ray along a radius is reflected back upon itself. (red) 3.A ray directed toward the focal point is reflected parallel to the principal axis. (blue)

31. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 31 For the pencil in the previous figure, the image is upright, virtual, smaller than the object, and closer to the mirror than the object.

32. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 32 Principal axis vertex Center of curvature The focal point A concave (or converging) mirror curves toward the observer.

33. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 33 1.A ray parallel to the principal axis is reflected through the focal point. (green) 2.A ray along a radius is reflected back upon itself. (red) 3.A ray along the direction from the focal point to the mirror is reflected parallel to the principal axis. (blue) Drawn in green, red, and blue are the principal rays.

34. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 34 The magnification is defined as An inverted image has m 0. The expression for magnification can also be written as where p is the object distance and q is the image distance.

35. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 35 The mirror equation: where f is the focal length of the mirror. f<0 when the focal point is behind the mirror.

36. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 36 Example (text problem 23.46): An object 2.00 cm high is placed 12.0 cm in front of a convex mirror with a radius of curvature of 8.00 cm. Where is the image formed? where p = 12.0 cm, f = -0.5R = -4.00 cm, and q is the unknown image distance. Solving gives q = -3.00 cm. The image is behind the mirror.

37. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 37 §23.9 Thin Lenses A diverging lens will bend light away from the principle axis. A converging lens will bend light toward the principal axis.

38. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 38

39. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 39 Magnification: The thin lens equation:

40. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 40 Example (text problem 23.64): A diverging lens has a focal length -8.00 cm. (a) What are the image distances for objects placed at various distances from the lens? Is the image real or virtual? Upright or inverted? Enlarged or diminished? Object distance Image distance Real / virtual? Upright / inverted? Enlarged/ diminished 5 cm-3.08 cmVirtualuprightDiminished 8 cm-4.00 cmVirtualuprightDiminished 14 cm-5.09 cmVirtualuprightDiminished 16 cm-5.33 cmVirtualuprightDiminished 20 cm-5.71 cmVirtualuprightDiminished

41. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 41 (b) If the object is 4.00 cm high, what is the height of the image? Object distance Image distance MagnificationImage height 5 cm-3.08 cm0.6162.46 cm 8 cm-4.00 cm0.5002.00 cm 14 cm-5.09 cm0.3641.45 cm 16 cm-5.33 cm0.3331.33 cm 20 cm-5.71 cm0.2851.14 cm Example continued:

42. Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 42 Summary The Laws of Reflection The Laws of Refraction Condition for Total Internal Reflection Condition for Total Polarization of Reflected Light Real/virtual Images Mirrors (plane & spherical) Thin Lenses