1. Achievement, Careers, and Work
Human Adjustment John W. Santrock
Chapter 10:
Achievement, Careers, and Work
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2. Chapter Outline Achievement Careers and Jobs Work McGraw-Hill
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3. Learning Goals
1. Discuss achievement and related adjustment strategies
2. Describe important aspects of careers and jobs
3. Summarize key aspects of work
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4. ACHIEVEMENT Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcement
Goal Setting, Planning, and Monitoring
Time Management
Some Obstacles to Achievement
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5. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcement
Extrinsic motivation - involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments
Intrinsic motivation - based on internal factors such as self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort
Intrinsic motivation is more likely to produce competent behavior and mastery
Intrinsic motivation is the key to achievement
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6. Goal Setting, Planning, and Monitoring
Achievement improves when people set goals that are specific, short-term and challenging
High-achieving individuals monitor themselves (systematically evaluate progress toward goals)
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7. Adjustment Strategies for Setting Goals
1. Set goals that are challenging, reasonable, and specific
2. Set completion dates for your goals
3. Create sub-goals
4. Make a commitment
5. Monitor your progress
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8. Time Management Steven Covey (1989) set up a time matrix:
Important activities - those linked to your values and goals
Urgent activities - those that require immediate attention
Urgent
Not
Important
Pay bill today
Psych test in 2 weeks
Not Important
Phone ringing
Reading newspaper
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9. Time Management Tips on time management:
Spend time on important non-urgent activities
Don’t let your life be ruled by urgency
Do important activities early
Set priorities for your tasks and complete them in that order
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10. Create and Monitor Time Plans
Determine the most important activities for each day and allocate adequate time for them
Create a to-do list, which involves listing and setting priorities for daily tasks
Monitor your progress on a yearly,
monthly, and daily basis
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11. Some Obstacles to Achievement
Achievement problems occur when you:
don’t set goals
don’t plan how to reach them
don’t monitor your progress toward goals
don’t manage your time effectively
procrastinate
insist on perfection
try to protect self-worth by avoiding failure
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12. Procrastination Reasons for procrastination include:
difficulty concentrating
fear and anxiety
negative beliefs
personal problems
boredom
unrealistic expectations
perfectionism
fear of failure
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13. Adjustment Strategies for Conquering Procrastination
1. Acknowledge that procrastination is a problem
2. Identify your values and goals
3. Work on your time management
4. Divide the task into smaller parts
5. Use behavioral strategies
6. Use cognitive strategies
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14. Perfectionism
Perfectionists think mistakes are never acceptable and the highest standards always have to be achieved
Perfectionists are vulnerable to:
decreased productivity
impaired health
relationship problems
low self-esteem
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15. Adjustment Strategies for Coping with Perfectionism
1. Make a list of advantages and disadvantages of trying to be perfect
2. Increase awareness of the self-critical nature of your all-or-nothing thoughts
3. Be realistic about what you can do
4. Set strict time limits on each project
5. Learn how to deal with criticism
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16. Protecting Self-worth by Avoiding Failure
Ineffective ways people are distracted from goals:
Nonperformance
Sham effort
Procrastination
Setting unreachable goals
The academic wooden leg
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17. Protecting Self-worth by Avoiding Failure
Efforts to avoid failure involve self-handicapping strategies
Individuals handicap themselves by:
Not making an effort
Putting off a project until the last minute
If subsequent performance is poor, these circumstances can be seen as the cause (rather than a lack of ability)
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18. Protecting Self-worth by Avoiding Failure
Strategies to reduce preoccupation with protecting self-worth and avoiding failure:
Set challenging but realistic goals
Strengthen link between your effort and self-worth
Take pride in your effort
Have positive beliefs about your abilities
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19. Review - Learning Goal 1 What motivates people to achieve?
How are goals related to achievement?
What are some important aspects of time management?
What are some obstacles to achievement and ways to deal with them?
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20. CAREERS AND JOBS Career Development Across the Lifespan
Skills and Personality Traits
Knowledge, Goals, and Careers
Getting a Job
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21. Career Development Across the Lifespan
Eli Ginzberg (1972) proposed 3 career stages:
Fantasy (birth-11) - careers perceived in unrealistic manner
Tentative (11-17) - transition
Realistic (18-25) - make pragmatic decisions
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22. Career Development Across the Lifespan
Donald Super (1976) described 5 career stages:
Growth (birth-14) - physical and cognitive development
Exploration (15-24) - take needs, interests, values into consideration
Establishment (25-44) - pursue permanent career
Maintenance (45-64) - continue career
Decline (65 on) - retirement
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23. Skills and Personality Traits
Basic Skills
Reading
Writing
Mathematics
Speaking
Listening
Thinking Skills
Creative thinking
Decision-making
Visualization
Personal Qualities
Self-esteem
Self-management
Responsibility
People Skills
Social
Negotiation
Leadership
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24. Holland’s Personality Type Theory
John Holland (1973) identified six career-related personality styles:
Realistic
Investigative
Artistic
Social
Enterprising
Conventional
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25. Holland’s Model of Personality Types and Career Choices
Realistic -
Doing / Things
Conventional -
Conforming / Data
Investigative -
Thinking / Ideas
Enterprising -
Managing / People
Artistic -
Creating / Ideas, Things
Social -
Helping / People
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26. Knowledge, Goals, and Careers
Two important aspects of exploring careers are:
becoming knowledgeable about careers
setting career goals
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27. Getting a Job Getting a job: Be aware of what employers want
Do a thorough job search
Create a résumé
Learn how to have a great job interview
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28. Figure 10.8 Desired Skills of an Ideal Job Candidate Rated by Employers
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29. Adjustment Strategies for “Knocking ’Em Dead” in a Job Interview
1. Create an excellent résumé
2. Don’t wing an interview
3. Be prepared to give examples of work experiences
4. Anticipate possible questions for the interview
5. Ask appropriate job-related questions yourself
6. Keep your cool
7. As the interview closes, decide whether you want the job
8. After the interview, write a follow-up letter
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30. Review - Learning Goal 2
How do our thoughts about careers typically develop through the lifespan?
How do our skills and traits influence our careers?
What are key factors involved in obtaining a good job?
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31. WORK The Role of Work in People’s Lives Work During College
Work and Retirement
Leisure
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32. The Role of Work in People’s Lives
Work defines people in fundamental ways:
their financial standing
housing
the way they spend their time (one-third of their lives)
where they live
their friendships
their health
for some people, their identity
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33. Workaholics Workaholics: seem addicted to work may enjoy work
identify strongly with their careers
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34. Dual-career Couples The two-earner couple has increased in prevalence
Women are taking increased responsibility for family income
Men are showing greater interest in families and parenting
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35. Diversity in the Workplace
The workplace is becoming increasingly diverse
Gender diversity increasingly characterizes occupations
Ethnic diversity is increasing in every developed country except France
Latinos are projected to constitute a larger percentage of the U.S. labor force than African Americans by 2012
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36. Diversity in the Workplace
Glass ceiling = invisible barrier to career advancement that prevents women and ethnic minorities from holding managerial or executive jobs regardless of their accomplishments and merits
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37. Unemployment Unemployment produces stress Unemployment is related to:
physical problems
mental problems
marital and family problems
homicide
other crimes
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38. Working During College
During the academic year, 80% of undergraduate students worked
As number of hours worked per week increased, grades declined
Jobs can contribute to education, in the form of cooperative programs or internships
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39. Work and Retirement
Federal law prohibits employers from firing older workers (who have seniority and higher salaries) just to save money
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40. Retiring Part-time
Many retirees only partially retire, moving to part-time employment
Reasons for continuing to work:
part-time work for interest or enjoyment
income
desire to start a business
desire to try a different field of work
benefits
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41. Adjusting to Retirement
Older adults who adjust best to retirement:
are healthy
have adequate income
are active
are better educated
have an extended social network
were satisfied with their lives before retirement
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42. Leisure
Men who went on annual vacations were 32% less likely to die of coronary heart disease
Leisure = the pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing such as hobbies, sports, or reading
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43. Review - Learning Goal 3 What role does work play in people’s lives?
What are the things to know about working while going to college?
What characteristics work in retirement for older adults?
What is leisure and what role does it play in people’s lives?
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