1. Civics Core 100, Goal 6 The learner will explain why laws are needed and how they are enacted, implemented, and enforced at the national, state, and local levels.

3. 1 st known system of written law 1 st known system of written law King Hammurabi of Babylonia wrote it in about 1760 B.C. King Hammurabi of Babylonia wrote it in about 1760 B.C. Harsh Penalties: Harsh Penalties: –An eye for an eye

4. 1 st Roman Law = 450 B.C. 1 st Roman Law = 450 B.C. Senate Senate Many modern governments are based on Roman Law Many modern governments are based on Roman Law

5. 1215 1215 “Great Charter” “Great Charter” In England In England –Protected the nobles’ privileges and authority –Granted certain rights to all land holders –Equal treatment under the law –Right to a trial with jury of peers Limited Government precedent established Limited Government precedent established –Ruler doesn’t have ultimate power

7. Disputes between people or groups in which no criminal laws have been broken Disputes between people or groups in which no criminal laws have been broken Not a threat to social order Not a threat to social order

8. Prevent ppl from deliberately or recklessly harm another or another’s property Prevent ppl from deliberately or recklessly harm another or another’s property

9. Most fundamental and important source of law in the US Most fundamental and important source of law in the US Applies to branch of the law dealing with the formation, construction, and interpretation of the constitution Applies to branch of the law dealing with the formation, construction, and interpretation of the constitution

10. Binds nations together under common values and beliefs Binds nations together under common values and beliefs Differs from other law b/c it is for nations, not people Differs from other law b/c it is for nations, not people

12. Lobbyist: representatives of interest groups who contact lawmakers or other government officials directly Lobbyist: representatives of interest groups who contact lawmakers or other government officials directly All levels of gov’t = local, state, and national All levels of gov’t = local, state, and national Suggest solutions to problems and issues Suggest solutions to problems and issues Sometimes prepare their own drafts of bills for lawmakers to consider Sometimes prepare their own drafts of bills for lawmakers to consider

14. Law developed through decisions of courts, rather than executive action Law developed through decisions of courts, rather than executive action –Created by Judges –Based on precedents

16. Organizations of people who unite to promote their ideas Organizations of people who unite to promote their ideas AKA Special Interest Groups AKA Special Interest Groups By pooling resources, hopefully they will influence lawmakers By pooling resources, hopefully they will influence lawmakers

18. 1. Bandwagon 2. Name Calling 3. Endorsement 4. Stacked Cards 5. Glittering Generality 6. Just Plain Folks 7. Transfer

19. 1. The Bandwagon Appeal to an individual to follow the crowd Appeal to an individual to follow the crowd Ex. The polls show that a candidate is ahead and one votes for their candidate because they want to be part of the “winning team” Ex. The polls show that a candidate is ahead and one votes for their candidate because they want to be part of the “winning team”

20. 2. Name Calling Saying / printing something negative about the other candidate Saying / printing something negative about the other candidate

21. 3. Endorsement: Having celebrities publicly announce who they are supporting Ex. Oprah endorses Barack Obama

22. 4. Stacked Cards Selective omission Selective omission Only presenting positive information and omitting the rest Only presenting positive information and omitting the rest

23. 5. Glittering Generality Using words with different positive meanings for the individuals using them Using words with different positive meanings for the individuals using them Usually an agreeable term : honor, freedom, love of country, etc.. Usually an agreeable term : honor, freedom, love of country, etc.. Ex. John McCain and Sarah Palin are Mavericks Ex. John McCain and Sarah Palin are Mavericks

24. 6. Just Plain Folks Candidate advertises himself / herself as an ordinary person, therefore, they can relate to the average American Candidate advertises himself / herself as an ordinary person, therefore, they can relate to the average American Ex. Obama’s background: raised by single mother Ex. Obama’s background: raised by single mother

25. 7. Transfer Associate a patriotic symbol with a candidate

29. Sentence = punishment Sentence = punishment Indeterminate sentence: judge gives min. and max. sentence Indeterminate sentence: judge gives min. and max. sentence –Parole: early release from prison; must report to parole office until end of sentence Mandatory Sentencing: must impose the sentence the law directs Mandatory Sentencing: must impose the sentence the law directs

30. 1. Suspended Sentence 2. Home Confinement 3. Monetary Fine 4. Restitution 5. Work Release 6. Imprisonment 7. Death

31. Reform: Reform: Rehabilitation: correct a person’s behavior, rather than punish Rehabilitation: correct a person’s behavior, rather than punish Primary goal of Juvenile court Primary goal of Juvenile court