1. Tayside Violence Against Women Training Consortium Winter/Spring 2011 A Practitioner’s Guide to Understanding Domestic Abuse

2. Questions about domestic abuse: Why don’t women just leave? What about different groups of women? What agencies can help me? What IS domestic abuse? How would I identify domestic abuse? What about when both partners are abusive? Is this domestic abuse?

3. Learning objectives for the day Defining domestic abuse. Learning about the indicators of domestic abuse. Understanding dynamics of domestic abuse. Thinking about barriers to disclosing Understanding inequalities to accessing services Exploring pathways to services

4. Fire drills Loos Mobile phones Group agreed contract Self care & time out Housekeeping

5. Definition & Prevalence of Domestic Abuse

7. Domestic Abuse is associated with wider gender inequality and should be understood in its historical context, whereby societies have given greater status, wealth, influence, control and power to men. It is part of a range of behaviours constituting male abuse of power, and is linked to other forms of male violence. National Strategy to Address Domestic Abuse, Scottish Executive, 2003

8. Domestic abuse (as gender based abuse) can be perpetrated by partners or ex- partners, and can include: -Physical abuse -Sexual abuse -Mental and emotional abuse -Controlling behaviours

9. At least 1 in 5 women in Scotland will experience domestic violence in their lifetime. www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics

11. In the 15-44 age group, more women are killed globally in domestic abuse attacks than by in war, accidents and cancer. This is estimated to be 22 million women per year. Domestic abuse is a global health problem and a human rights issue. www.wgn.org.uk

12. A woman is murdered in the UK every three days by her partner or ex- partner. Home Office, 2001

13. In 53% of murder cases in Scotland over the last ten years, where a woman aged 16-69 was the victim, the main accused was the woman's partner. www.scotland.gov.uk

14. There were 51,926 incidents of domestic abuse in Scotland recorded in 2009/10 (a decrease of nearly 4% on the previous year). Statistical Bulletin Crime and Justice Series: Domestic Abuse recorded by the police in Scotland (Nov, 2010)

15. A domestic abuse incident is recorded every 11 minutes in Scotland

16. 38 incidents will have been recorded in Scotland during the time that you are on this course. And this just reflects the incidences that were reported and recorded.

17. Tayside currently records the highest percentage per head of domestic violence incidents in Scotland. (1,048 per 100,000) Statistical Bulletin Crime and Justice Series Nov 2010: Domestic abuse recorded by the police in Scotland.

18. Domestic abuse is often witnessed by children who may themselves experience mental, physical and sexual abuse.

20. 32% of pupils in one secondary school in Scotland disclosed anonymously that they were currently experiencing domestic abuse. "Raising the Issue of Domestic Abuse in School" Study (2005)

23. [Domestic abuse] knows no boundaries of geography, culture or wealth. As long as it continues we cannot claim to be making real progress towards equality, development and peace. Kofi Annan, Ex-secretary General of the United Nations

24. Gender-based violence is violence … in which the female is usually the victim; and which is derived from unequal power relationships between a man and a woman. Violence is directed specifically against a woman because she is a woman, or affects women disproportionately. UN Gender Theme Group, 1998

25. Domestic abuse is associated with Domestic abuse is associated with wider gender inequality and should be understood in its historical context, whereby societies have given greater status, wealth, influence, control and power to men. It is part of a range of behaviours constituting male abuse of power, and is linked to other forms of male violence. National Strategy to Address Domestic Abuse, 2003

26. What is disproportionate? - Different prevalence - Different contexts - Different consequences - Different causes

27. The numbers … - In Scotland 41,927 females compared to 7,938 males. - In Scotland 41,927 females compared to 7,938 males. - In Tayside 3,369 compared to 676 males. - Rates of reporting by gender vary: Tayside 16.7%, Lothian 12%, Central 12%

28. Understanding intimate partner violence: intimate terrorism violent resistance situational couple violence 97% intimate terrorism; 56% situational 1970s Pittsburgh sample Johnson,2001

29. Sole perpetration (32 male, 32 female cases) - 83% of men recorded repeat incidents (range 2 – 52, mean 35) - 38% of women recorded as repeat perpetrators (range 1 – 8, mean 2) :. When M perpetrate, they do so with more frequency than do F.

30. Context & consequence - Abuse with M perpetrators and F victims is more typically characterised by dynamics of fear and control. (one exception F.) - ‘ongoing pattern of fear and coercive control’ (Povey et al., 2008) - Violence with F perp. was significantly less than M violence (1:46 hospitalisations; Straton, 1994)

31. Male reporting  Men are more likely to call the police, press charges and less likely to drop charges than are women. (Schwartz, 1987; Kincaid, 1982; Ferrante, 1996) (Schwartz, 1987; Kincaid, 1982; Ferrante, 1996) Women are more likely to over-estimate their own violence towards men, and more likely to under-estimate men's violence towards women.  Men are more likely to over-estimate women's violence to them, and more likely to under- estimate their own violence towards women. (Kimmel, 2006)

32. Gendered differences: Males are: - More likely to repeatedly perpetrate (in line with the long-term dynamic of intimate terrorism) - More likely to use tactics of fear and control than women (consistent with domestic abuse) - More likely to inflict serious injury - More likely to call the police, and not drop charges - More likely to categorise behaviour towards themselves as ‘abuse’.

33. Linking cause to consequence - Strong relationship between traditional gender attitudes and male-perpetrated intimate partner violence in agency samples (d =.80) compared to general population (d = -.14) Sugarman and Frankel, 1996 - Perpetrators of situational couple violence show the same attitudes towards women as do non-violent men. Holtzworth-Munroe et al., 2000

34. The impact of domestic abuse has been found to have psychological parallels with the impact of torture and the imprisonment of hostages. Survivors of terror: Battered Women, Hostages and the Stockholm Syndrome, Graham, P. et al (1988)

35. BIDERMAN’S ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TORTURE Isolation Isolation Enforced Trivial Demands Enforced Trivial Demands Threats Threats Occasional Indulgences Occasional Indulgences Degradation Degradation Display of Total Power Display of Total Power Exhaustion Exhaustion Distorted Perspectives Distorted Perspectives Quoted in Rape in Marriage, Diana Russell

36. Experiential exercise - How does it feel to be affected least by barriers of inequality? - How does it feel to be most affected by inequalities?