1. Module 2
Management

2. Definition ‘The art of getting things through others.’ - Mary Parker
‘The process undertaken by one or more persons to cordinate the activités of other persons to achieve results not attainable by one person acting alone.’
- Ivancherich, Donelly & Gibson

3. Meaning
Management consists of getting things done through others by directing their efforts in an integrated and co-ordinated manner in order to attain business objectives.
It also involves securing men, money and machinary needed for achievement of business objectives.
Consists of organasational activities that involve goal formation and accomplishment.

4. Characteristics of Management
Art as well as science
Management is an activity
Management is a continuous process
Achieving pre determined objectives
Organised Activities
Management is discipline
Purposeful Activity
Decision Making Activity
Aims at maximizing profit

5. Distinct Activity
It’s a Profession
Universal Application
Direction and Control
Leadership Quality
Dynamic
Needed at all levels
As a career
As a class or team
It’s a System

6. Principles of Management
Henry Fayol started his career as a mining engineer 1860 in France. In 1866, he was appointed as a manager and remained in this position for 22 years. He then went on to become the GM of the company for the next 30 years. At the time of his retirement the company had become the biggest coal company in France.
Before After

7. Fayol’s Principles Management
Division of Labour: Specialise & efficiency
Authority: Give orders, get things done,
obedience
Discipline: Respect rules & regulations
Unity in Command
Unity in Direction: Directed by
1 manager for 1 plan
Subordination of individual interest to
common goal.
Remunaration

8. Order: Materials & people RT & RP
Equality: Friendly & Fair
Initiative: Subordinates
should be given freedom.
The Hierarchy
Centralisation
Stability of staff
Esprit de corps

9. Emergence of Management Thought
The Evolution of Management can be
classified into 3 stages:
Classical Theory of Management
Bureaucracy Theory - Max Weber
Scientific Management - F.W. Taylor
Process Management – Henri Fayol
This is also known as the structural theory of management.

10. Bureaucracy
A system of carrying on the business of government by means of departments or bureaus, each under the control of a chief, government conducted on this system.
In the 1930’s Max Weber, a German sociologist, described bureaucratic form as being the ideal way of governing an organization.
Essential & Basic Elements
Hierarchy
Division of Work
A system of Rules
Impersonality of impersonal relations
Standardization
Selection and Promotion
Only legal power and Authority

11. Scientific Management
Robert Owen, Charles Babbage & Henry Robinson Towne were the forerunners of scientific Management.
Robert Owen: The first person to pay attention to labour welfare. He suggested a change in the attitude of industrialists towards workers.
Charles Babbage: A leading British Mathematician at Cambridge University He studied the working conditions of factories and observed that most of them work on the basis of estimation & imagination. They were traditional rather then scientific.
The pioneering work:
Differential Engine on the ‘Economy of machinary and manufacturers.’
He said that methods of science and mathematics could be applied in the solution of factory problems.

12. Fredrick Winslow Taylor: Popularly known as the father of scientific management. He made a systematic study of management and evolved a set of orderly principles to replace the trial & error methods that were in vogue.
He observed that workers at the ‘Midvale Steel Factory’
were not enthusiastic about work, instead of getting angry with them he sympathized.
He joined ‘Bethleham Steel Factory’ where he first
introduced scientific management, but there was
strong opposition from his managers because of his
uncompromising nature which led to his termination.
After leaving he wrote a books ‘ Shop Management’
and Principles and Methods of Scientific Management
were his pioneering works.

13. Principles Of Scientific Management
Time & Motion Study:
Observing motions os workers in the work place.
Identifying movements carried out at work
Elimination of unnecessary movements
Observing the time required for each movement-Stop watch
Developing shorter & fewer motions
Standardising motion & time

14. Differential Payment: Differential piece rate system
Differential Payment: Differential piece rate system. Fixed the standard level of production, the ones who produced less received less.
Group Harmony: Achieved through satisfying the
needs of group members.
Cooperation between workers and Management
Management should understand workers
Workers should understand organisational requirements.
Standardization: in tools, instruments, working hours,
working conditions, quality of work, (COP)? etc,,

15. Methods Study: Methodology and systematic movement of materials ensure fast movement of materials in the factory. Reduction on transportation time.
Scientific selection and training: Scientific selection based on job analysis and using selection tests should be done. Providing training to all employees based on training needs, for organizational success.
Seperation of planning from execution: Supervisors perform planning function whereas workers perform the execution.

16. Administrative Theory
Henri Fayol in 1916 put his observations on paper under the french title ‘ Administration Industriella et Generale’ and was later translated into english under the title ‘ General and Industrial Adminisration’
This book contains two parts
Theory of administration
Discussion on training for administration.

17. Fayol the activities could be divided in 6 groups :
Technical
Commercial
Financial
Security
Accounting &
Managerial

18. Henri Fayol felt the first five were well known as a result devoted most of his book to the sixth.
Classified the managerial group into 6 sub-groups
Forecasting
Planning
Organising
Coordinating
Commanding &
Controlling
He stated the qualities required by managers were to be physical, menrtal, moral, educational and technical.
He emphasized that as one goes higher up in the levels of management, administrative knowledge becomes more important than technical skills.

19. Social Responsibility

20. Traditional View: It was eariler believed that the main puropose of business was profit maximization, it was believed that profit earned by business was exclusively for its shareholders and if the profits were used in a social need, money is used in a place that it was not intended to be used for.

21. Mordern View: It is slowly being recognized that business is not an end but it is only means to an end, the end is ___.be is a worker, customer, or any that member of the society.
It is believed that the establishment and development of a business are contributions of the society.
Society allots land, provide facilities and develop and provide human resources. It is mainly because of the customers that a business functions.
Thus business totally depends on the society and must do something in return for it.

22. Responsibilities Towards
Towards Consumers/Customers
Towards Employees
Towards owners/shareholders
Towards Inter-businesses
Towards the state
Towards the community

23. Towards Consumers/Customers
Meet needs of different classes
Reasonably priced, dependable quality
After sales service
Fair and wide distribution of goods and services
Prevention on goods to be concentrated only with a few producers

24. Towards Employees Participate in decisions relating to work life
Right to fair wage
Participate in decisions relating to work life
Membership of trade union
To go on strikes

25. Towards Owners/Shareholders
A fair and reasonable return on capital
Political and economic security for investment
through a stable govt,good law and order, stable
tax policies etc,,
Knowledge about the working of the enterprise,
periodical reports regarding functioning
Unfair trade practices are legally prohibited

26. Towards Inter-Business
Healthy co-operative relationships
Resist unfair and unethical competition

27. Towards the Community
In the field of Industry: Earn while you learn programmes, such programmes must be labour intensive in areas like carpentry, pottery, spinning, weaving etc,, so that increasing employment can be provided in rural areas. The business can help providing aids.
In the field of Agriculture
Housing Facilities: Expand loans and
financial support

28. Towards the Community
Transportation: Development of cheap transportation and
distribution system and improved journey planning, improved procedures of granting licences etc,,
Health and Education
Industrail aid to education in urban areas
Social audit on factual assessment: Comprehensive
evaluation of the way company discharges its responsibilities

30. “VALUING PEOPLE THE RIGHT WAY”
What is Ethics?
“VALUING PEOPLE THE RIGHT WAY”
The set of moral principles or values that defines right and wrong for a person or group.

31. Definition
“A branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct with respect to the rightness or wrongness of certain action.”

32. Business Ethics
Ethics in the society may not be the same in business, thats beacuse both opearte on different objectives.
Business Ethics refers to the application of moral values and moral principles to business.
Morals refer to generally accepted customs of conduct and proper living as per need of the society.
We should understand that business basically is not an end to the economic activity.

33. Need for Business Ethics
Business ethics makes the business to realize the basic objective of any economic institution
Necessary to protect the interest of the society and to maximize human welfare
Convince to respect competitors
To respect customers
Improves confidence of customers, employers, suppliers, bankers etc,,
Discharges role towards the govt., etc..