1. Hot Topics for Sustainability in the IE Research Agenda Eliseo Vilalta-Perdomo University of Lincoln, UK John Corliss PEER Consultants, PC 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012

2. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 Outline  Aim of this presentation  Sustainability  The genealogy  Dimensions  Complementary or In Conflict  Languages  Potential contributions’ matrix  Industrial Engineering  Current position  Current sources of improvement  Potential unique contributions of IE professionals  Sustainability Division, IIE  Potential contribution  Future steps

3. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 Aims of this presentation  to identify which part of the IE body of knowledge can contribute most effectively to sustainable development, and  an initial exploration to recognize some “ hot topics ” that constitute the future of IE research and professional agendas

4. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 Sustainability Genealogy Malthus, 1798, “It has been said that the great question is now at issue, whether man shall henceforth start forwards with accelerated velocity towards illimitable, and hitherto unconceived improvement, or be condemned to a perpetual oscillation between happiness and misery, and after every effort remain still at an immeasurable distance from the wished-for goal”. Brundtland Report (March, 1987) “to propose long-term environmental strategies for achieving sustainable development by the year 2000 and beyond” United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, June 1992 “a comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and locally by organizations of the United Nations System, Governments, and Major Groups in every area in which human impacts on the environment” Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, May-June 1994 “sustainable development programmes must seek to enhance the quality of life of peoples, including their health, well-being and safety”. Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21, June 1997 Included economic, social and environmental objectives in the sustainable development agenda UN Millennium Declaration, 2000 Key objectives in relation to peace, security and disarmament; development and poverty eradication; protecting our common environment; human rights, democracy and good governance; protecting the vulnerable; meeting the special needs of Africa, and strengthening the United Nations Millennium Development Goals 2005 Different strategies and actions to end poverty and hunger; universal education; gender quality; child health; maternal health; combat HIV/AIDS; environmental sustainability, and global partnership Club of Rome, 1968 The Limits to Growth. First environmental best-seller IE Research & Professional agendas on sustainability, 2012 What is (ought to be) the Engineering Research Agenda to Support Sustainable Improvement? What are (ought to be) the contributions from the Industrial Engineering discipline?

5. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 PEOPLE PLANETPROFIT Sustainability Dimensions Bearable Viable Equitable Sustainable (Elkington, 2004) Bearable : affordable development that increases quality of life Equitable : provides similar opportunities to everybody Viable : runs its activities in the long-term

6. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 PEOPLE PLANETPROFIT Sustainability Complementary or In Conflict Resource Conflict Development Conflict Property Conflict

7. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 Quality of Life (bearable) Globalization (equitable) Impact (viable) Sustainability Languages Language of global warming? Language of decision-making Language of consensus Capital: Local vs. global Standardization Lost cost Knowledge Internal vs. external Acquisition, codification, recovery & use Efficiency & effectiveness Lean vs. agile Low-cost ENVIRONMENT (Planet) ECONOMY (Profit) SOCIETY (people) Trade-offs Shared value Science

8. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 SOCIAL SCIENCES TECHNICAL SCIENCES ECONOMIC SCIENCES Industrial Engineering Dimensions Ergonomics Quality Management Industrial Engineering Quality : process that does well what it is designed to do Management : process of dealing with or control- ling things or people Ergonomics : design to optimize human well- being & overall system performance

9. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 SocietyEconomyEnvironment People Coordination (language) Profit Equitable Decision-making (language) Planet BearableViable Natural laws (language) Effectiveness Sustainability Potential contributions’ matrix Environmental perspective IE perspective? Effectiveness Efficiency EffectivenessSustainability Efficiency

10. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 Industrial engineering Current position  IE professionals have a ‘multidisciplinary’ agenda, as they study the design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of people, materials, information, equipment, and energy (IIE definition).  Active presence of its professionals in the sustainability facets:  Economic evaluations  Environmental aspects have also been included and coded -e.g. ISO 14000.  Social concerns are considered in current engineering research agenda, -e.g. participatory design.

11. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 Industrial engineering Current sources for improvement  EFFECTIVENESS. “A dimension of organizational performance involving the ability to choose and achieve appropriate goals”.  EFFICIENCY. “A dimension of organizational performance involving the ability to make the best use of available resources in the process of achieving goals”.  SUSTAINABILITY. To be developed

12. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 What is sustainability? A look at IIE transactions Under the query of “sustainability” we find…  T.C. Woo (1997) Review of: “Re-engineering for Sustainable Industrial Production”, L.M. Camarinha-Matos (ed.) Chapman & Hall.  John Jackman (1997) Review of: “Modeling Techniques for Business Process Re-engineering and Benchmarking”, Guy Doumeingts and Jim Browne (eds) Chapman & Hall.  Kenneth N. McKay & Thomas E. Morton (1997) Review of: “Critical Chain”, Eliyahu M. Goldratt The North River Press Publishing Corporation, Great Barrington, MA, 1997.  Ki-Joo Kim & Urmila M. Diwekar (2002) ‘Hammersley stochastic annealing: efficiency improvement for combinatorial optimization under uncertainty’, IIE Transactions,34(9), pp. 761-777  Irad Ben-Gal, Roni Katz & Yossi Bukchin (2008) ‘Robust eco-design: A new application for air quality engineering’, IIE Transactions, 40(10), pp. 907- 918  Alan G. Hawkes, Lirong Cui & Zhihua Zheng (2011) ‘Modeling the evolution of system reliability performance under alternative environments’, IIE Transactions, 43(11), pp. 761-772

13. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 What is sustainability? A look at IIE transactions Ki-Joo Kim & Urmila M. Diwekar (2002) ‘Hammersley stochastic annealing: efficiency improvement for combinatorial optimization under uncertainty’, IIE Transactions,34(9), pp. 761-777  This paper presents hierarchical improvements to combinatorial stochastic annealing algorithms using a new and efficient sampling technique. The Hammersley Sequence Sampling (HSS) technique is used for updating discrete combinations, reducing the Markov chain length, determining the number of samples automatically, and embedding better confidence intervals of the samples. The improved algorithm, Hammersley stochastic annealing, can significantly improve computational efficiency over traditional stochastic programming methods. This new method can be a useful tool for large-scale combinatorial stochastic programming problems. A real-world case study involving solvent selection under uncertainty illustrates the usefulness of this new algorithm.

14. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 What is sustainability? A look at IIE transactions Irad Ben-Gal, Roni Katz & Yossi Bukchin (2008) ‘Robust eco-design: A new application for air quality engineering’, IIE Transactions, 40(10), pp. 907-918  The method of robust design has long been used for the design of systems that are insensitive to noises. In this paper it is demonstrated how this approach can be used to obtain a robust eco-design ( ecological design ). In a case study, robust design principles are applied to the design of a factory smokestack, using the Gaussian Plume Model (GPM). The GPM is a well-known model for describing pollutant dispersal from a point source, subject to various atmospheric conditions. In this research, the mean-square-error (MSE) of the accumulated and the maximum pollution values around a given target are defined as the performance measures and used to adjust the design parameters. Both analytical and numerical approaches are used to evaluate the MSE measures over the design space. It is demonstrated how to use the non- linearity in the GPM to reach a low MSE value that produces a cheaper design configuration. The differences between the manufacturer viewpoint and the environmentalist viewpoint with respect to the considered eco-design problem are discussed and analyzed.

15. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 What is sustainability? A look at IIE transactions Alan G. Hawkes, Lirong Cui & Zhihua Zheng (2011) ‘Modeling the evolution of system reliability performance under alternative environments’, IIE Transactions, 43(11), pp. 761-772  The dynamics of a system represented by a finite-state Markov process operating under two alternating regimes, for example, day/night, machine working/machine idling, etc., are modeled in this article. The transition rate matrices under the two regimes will usually be different. Also, the set of states of the system that are regarded as satisfactory may depend on the regime in operation: for example, a particular state of the system that may be regarded as satisfactory by day might not be tolerated at night (e.g., the headlights on a car not working). It is assumed that the regime durations are random variables and results are obtained for the availability of such a system and probability distributions for uptimes. Results and numerical examples are also given for two special cases: (i) when the regimes are of fixed duration; and (ii) when the regime durations have negative exponential distributions.

16. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 What is sustainability? A look at IIE transactions  As the flagship journal of the Institute of Industrial Engineers, IIE Transactions publishes original high-quality papers on a wide range of topics of interest to industrial engineers who want to remain current with the state-of-the-art technologies. The refereed journal aims to foster the engineering community by publishing papers with a strong methodological focus motivated by real problems that impact engineering practice and research. Published monthly, the journal is composed of four focus issues: Design and Manufacturing, Operations Engineering and Analysis, Quality and Reliability Engineering, and Scheduling and Logistics.  IIE Transactions encourages research motivated by critical and complex engineering problems that arise in a wide variety of domains including service, public policy, health care, security, biotechnology, transportation, and others. The journal publishes papers that integrate industrial engineering with other disciplines including statistics, other engineering disciplines, computer science, biological science, and operations research. Articles covering new methodologies and state-of- the-art surveys are included in the journal.

17. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 What is sustainability? At 2011 IIE Conference-ISERC DimensionTopicPapers Contribution TopicDimension Economic Sustainability in Supply Chains618% 56% Sustainability through Systems515% Modelling a Sustainable Solution39% Economics of Sustainability39% Life Cycle Assessment26% Environmental Emergy - Basic Metric of Sustainability Evaluation 39% 18% Environmental Sustainability39% SocialCommunity operational research926% 34 100%

18. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 What is sustainability? IE professional & researchers  Is it then the economy/environment relation what are we looking at?  Where is the social dimension?  Unique integrated systems perspective?

19. What is sustainability? IE professional & researchers Potential role of the Sustainability Division : To become a source for better-informed sustainable decisions: Should we buy roses from Holland or Kenya? Kenya: 2,200kg CO 2 emissions 53,000 megajoules (15% fossil) 4,237 estimated food miles Holland: 35,000kg CO 2 emissions 550,000 megajoules (>99% fossil) 221 estimated food miles Note: According to Williams (2007) for 12,000 roses $100 million USD annually injected on deprived Kenyan communities Is this the right question?

20. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 Potential unique contributions of IE professionals  Policy makers and others are more comfortable in their silos  Industrial Engineers are trained to take a systems view and deal with compound complex systems

21. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 Potential unique contributions of IE professionals  Most Engineers are uncomfortable at the top of the food chain  Industrial Engineers are Visionary Icon Consultants Industry Peers Accounting Firms Industry Practitioners Industry Associates Regulating Organizations Architects Engineering Firms Board f Directors CEO Business Units Operations Projects RFPs Vision, Mission, Policies and Strategies Goals, Priorities, Measures Operational Procedures and Objectives Projects to Achieve Objectives Implement (Bill Wallace, 2010)

22. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 Sustainability division Potential contribution  Some potential tasks for the Sustainability Division: 1. Define the concept of SUSTAINABILITY in the IE context -- What is IIE’s definition of sustainability 2. Identify Hot Topics: IE Tools which, with or without modification, are applicable to Sustainability Fields where IE research and practice can excel

23. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 Sustainability division Future steps  To test different proposition with the rest of our colleagues  Website-based survey?  To participate in the Sustainability Division (SD)  To identify the role and purpose of the SD  To be an active contributor in SD

24. 62 nd Annual IIE Conference and Expo Orlando, FL, May 19-23, 2012 Thank your for your attention  Questions?  Comments?