1. THE RAPID GROWTH OF INDUSTRY 1840-1860
Obj: To understand how technological improvements increased industrial productivity by looking at the factors that encouraged industrial growth.

2. THE INDUSTRIAL NORTH TECHNOLOGY: application of science to improving conveniences of life - 1829
NORTHEAST RESPONSIBLE FOR ½ OF U.S. PRODUCTION ON EVE OF CIVIL WAR
SHIFT IN ENERGY SOURCE LEADS TO CHANGE IN FACTORY SYSTEM
H20 TO COAL
COAL: TRANSPORTED CHEAPLY, HEAT FOR SMELTING & METALWORKING, STEAMPOWER –FACTORIES NOW CAN BE BUILT ANYWHERE
FACTORIES OPERATE 24/7
EMBRACING TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE GREATEST TRIUMPH
SANDUSKY WHEEL WORKS, OHIO

3. TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
RESOURCEFULNESS REQUIRED DUE TO DEMANDS OF SOCIETY IN FLUX
MORE SOPHISTICATED & RELIABLE TOOLS
SHORTAGE OF LABOR SO NEED LABOR SAVING DEVICES
IMPROVE OLD MACHINES & DESIGN NEW ONES
USE OF INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS – Whitney first for musket parts
NEW DISCOVERIES OF NATURAL RESOURCES AS MIGRATE WEST

4. LABOR: SKILLED & UNSKILLED
PRODUCTION EXPANDS & DIVISION OF LABOR MORE COMPLEX
SOCIAL DIVISIONS MORE APPARENT
SKILLED LABOR ALWAYS IN DEMAND BUT CREATIVITY A MUST DUE TO INCREASE IN TECHNOLOGY
UNSKILLED LABOR ALWAYS HAS WORK BUT NEVER ENOUGH PAY
NEW WAY OF PRODUCTION:
EXPAND ON LOWELL & WALTHAM
WAGE WORK BECOMES END IN ITSELF
CONTINUOUS MANUFACTURING PROCESS BUT NOT YET MASS PRODUCTION

5. IMMIGRATION
WESTERN EUROPE PUSH – POTATO FAMINE IN IRELAND & REVOLUTION IN GERMANY
1820 to 1860, 1,956,557 IRISH ARRIVED; 75% OF THESE AFTER THE GREAT FAMINE
BETWEEN GERMANS LARGEST IMMIGRANT GROUP
LANGUAGE HELD THEM TOGETHER & CREATED SELF SUFFICIENT GERMAN COMMUNITIES (LEVI STRAUSS, STEINWAY)
5 MILLION ; 4.2 MILL ; 3 MILL
LOWELL & WALTHAM SYSTEMS AT LEAST 50% IRISH IMMIGRANTS BY 1850
CHEAP LABOR, WILLING TO WORK LONG HOURS, HARSH CONDITIONS & YOUNG WOMEN & THEIR FAMILIES NOT WILLING (MIDDLE CLASS)
POOR WHITE WOMEN & THEIR CHILDREN WILL FIND PAID WORK TO HELP THEIR HOUSEHOLD INCOME
LABOR DEMANDS INCREASE AS ESTABLISHED FOLKS MOVE WEST
GERMANS MOVE BECAUSE MANY HAVE MONEY, IRISH STAY IN BOSTON, NY & PHILLY BECAUSE THEY HAVE NO MONEY
OLD IMMIGRANTS AS OPPOSED TO NEW IMMIGRANTS OF EARLY 19TH C.

6. CITIES SEEN AS MOST DEMOCRATIC OF PLACES. AVERAGE ANNUAL SALARY $300
*CITIES SEEN AS MOST DEMOCRATIC OF PLACES *AVERAGE ANNUAL SALARY $300 *BIRTHRATE FOR POOR INCREASES *ECONOMIC GAP WIDENS *SOCIETY MORE STRATIFIED *INDUSTRIALIZATION BROUGHT POVERTY *STILL BELIEVE IN IDEOLOGY OF DEMOCRATIC EGALITARIANISM

7. CITY LIVING & URBAN PROBLEMS
HOUSES CHANGE: ROW BRICK HOUSES FOR M.C. & TENEMENTS FOR POOR
FURNITURE MFG. INCREASES, PRICE DECLINES & M.C. TAKES ADVANTAGE OF THIS
RURAL AREAS HOUSING DEPENDED ON SETTLEMENT DATE & SOCIAL CLASS: LOG CABINS, FRAME HOUSES
EVERYDAY LIFE PRIMITIVE FOR MOST BUT IMPROVING DAILY
TRANSPORTATION & INDUSTRY IMPROVE HEATING, COOKING, DIET, WATER WORKS SYSTEMS IN CITIES
SALT FOR PRESERVATION OF FOOD, ONLY RICH COULD AFFORD SUGAR FOR FRUIT
SANITATION, RUNNING H2O, HOGS & HORSES IN THE STREETS CREATED SEVER CHALLENGES: DISEASE & HEALTH ISSUES – YELLOW FEVER, CHOLERA NEW ORLEANS , ST. LOUIS 10% POPULATION DIES FROM CHOLERA 1849, LIFE EXPECTANCY IN PHILLY & NY 24 DURING THE 30’S & 40’S
CITIES UNPREPARED FOR MASSIVE INFLUX OF IMMIGRANTS
CITIES DIVERSE AND THEREFORE DEMOCRATIC
F. L. OLMSTEAD & CENTRAL PARK, NY 1852 – REALLY FOR THE RICH, REMOVED
SENECA VILLAGE – COMMUNITY OF FREE BLACKS

8. AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS
WESTERN FARMING DEVELOPING
FARMING BECOMES MECHANIZED WITH JOHN DEERE TRACTOR & MC-CORMICK REAPER
TOWNS SETTLE ALONG EAST/WEST TRADE ROUTES
K REAPERS MANUFACTURED
DEERE ALLOWS FOR PLOWING & TILLING OF PRARIE SOIL (DUSTBOWL IN THE ‘30’S) k A YEAR
COTTON STILL MOST VALUABLE EXPORT & WITH MORE COTTON DEMAND FOR COTTON GOODS INCREASE

9. 2ND PHASE OF TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION RAILROAD 1ST MODERN BUSINESS ENTERPRISE
SHIFT IN INTERNAL COMMERCE – NOW FRESHNESS VALUE IMPORTANT
B&O 1830; K MILES ,500
4 COMPANIES CONTROL LINES FROM EAST TO INTERIOR
SOUTHERN CITIES DEVELOP; ATLANTA CHATTANOOGA BUT CITIES SLOW TO DEVELOP,
RISE OF INVESTMENT BANKER TO FINANCE RR BUT WITH 1837 PANIC FUNDS DRY UP; PANIC DOESN’T HIT SOUTH AS HARD
FINANCING PRIVATE INVESTORS, EURO-PEANS, GOVERNMENT BONDS
MISSISSIPPI RIVER LOSES IMPORTANCE; SOUTH ISOLATED, SCATTERED POPULATION, LACK OF RR, SLAVERY