1. RESPONSE TO ACTIVE SHOOTERS

2. Instructor Introductions
Introduce the Instructors and briefly discuss NTOA operations overview.

3. Training Goals The student will be familiar with:
Historical overview of active shooter situations
Police lessons learned from school shootings
School “Armed Intruder” procedures
School priorities during an active shooter situation
Police priorities during an active shooter situation
Police equipment and training needs
Contact /rescue team tactics for immediate deployment.

4. Course Administration Items
Roster Verification
Course Critiques
Safety Briefing
Pass around the roster and make sure everyone verifies their name, address and other information. Students should sign roster and return to the lead instructor.
Pre and post test scores are recorded on the original roster.
Verified roster is faxed to the NTOA at the end of the first day.

5. Pre-test
Have each student take out a piece of paper and record their answers. Instructor reads questions to expedite pre-test. Once all questions are completed have student exchange answer sheet with fellow student.
Instructor reads answers, tests are scored and turned in. Pre test scores are recorded on the pass around roster.

6. CBS Sixty Minutes Story
What really happened at Columbine?

8. Active Shooter Intro Video
Video #1, part 1
Instructor to show first couple of minutes of video from the Tulsa OK Hall Boss tape. Start to the end of the channel four news coverage.
Optional, if school officials are present, show the Bibb County Student Weapon video produced by Garrett Metal detection. This video shows the young chief of police concealing a variety of weapons.

9. Familiar?

10. Texas Tower Incident August 1, 1966 Austin TX Suspect, Charles Whitman
Killed 15 people (including an unborn baby)
Wounded 31 (as far away as two blocks)
Resolved by two police officers

11. Other Active Shooter Incidents
McDonald’s Massacre
North Hollywood Bank Robbery
Columbine High School, Littleton, CO
April 20, 1999 Columbine HS, Littleton CO
April 16, 1999 Notus, ID
May 21, 1998 Springfield OR
May 19, 1998 Fayetteville, TN
April 24, 1998 Edinboro, PA
March 24, 1998 Jonesboro, AK
December 1, 1997 Paducah, KY
October 1, 1997 Pearl MI

12. McDonald’s Restaurant
McDonald’s Massacre
July 18, 1984
San Ysidro, CA
Suspect, James Huberty,
Killed 21
Wounded 11
Killed by Sniper
San Ysidro California
McDonald’s Restaurant
July 18, 1984
James Huberty
21- persons killed

13. North Hollywood Bank Robbery
February 27, 1997
North Hollywood, CA
Suspects, Larry Phillips and Emil Mosuranyo
Wounded 13
One suspect commits suicide the other is killed by SWAT

14. Columbine High School Littleton CO
April 20, 1999
Littleton CO
Suspects Harris and Klebold
Killed 13
Wounded dozens
Both suspects commit suicide

15. Lesson Learned Active shooter incidents are spontaneous.
Suspects behavior unpredictable.
Pre-incident signs existed in school incidents.
Incidents occur in a target rich environment.
First responders outgunned and/or didn’t have the training to respond to an active shooter situation.
A tactical intervention was too late.
Multi-jurisdictional response issues were present.

16. Definitions Active Shooter Immediate Deployment
Suspect (s) activity is immediately causing death and serious bodily injury. The activity is not contained and there is immediate risk of death or serious injury to potential victims.
Immediate Deployment
The swift and immediate deployment of law enforcement resources to on-going, life threatening situations where delayed deployment could otherwise result in death or great bodily injury to innocent persons.

17. Definitions Dynamic Situation Static Situation
The situation is evolving very rapidly along with the suspect’s action. Example, shooting and moving.
Static Situation
The situation is not evolving or in motion, it suspect actions appear to be contained. Example, suspect is barricaded in a room.

18. Definitions Time Line of Violence Incident Transition
The period of time from the suspects first violent action until his action is stopped or he/she transitions to another activity.
Incident Transition
That point in the incident where the “active shooter” stops his/her violent actions and tries to escape or barricades themselves.

19. Definitions Barricade Suspect
Suspect is in a position of advantage, usually barricaded in a room or building.
Suspect is armed and has displayed violence.
May or may not be holding a hostage (s)
There is no indication that the suspect(s) activity is immediately causing death or serious bodily injury. The event is not dynamic but rather static.

20. A School and Police Partnership
Work together to develop realistic school safety plans in response to various threats.
Conduct joint, school and police, training sessions to test procedures.
Conduct joint, school and police, field training exercises in a realistic environment with maximum sensory overload.

21. Memorandum of Understanding
Between the police and the schools
Purpose
To Establish procedures to be followed when an incident involving an act of violence or possession of a weapon occurs on school property.

22. School Priorities During an “Active Shooter” Situation
Protect the lives of children, teachers and staff.
Have a crisis management team and detailed School Safety Plan
Implement an “Armed Intruder” procedure.
Notify police.
Provide follow-up counseling to children, teachers, and staff.

23. School “Armed Intruder” Procedures
What are school procedures when an “Active Shooter” starts his/her rampage?
Must address a variety of threats
Have mutually agreed upon procedures
There must be training and exercises.
Almost always have issues regarding school and police response.

24. Lockdown or Evacuate?

25. School Lock Down Procedures
Signal/code
Lock Doors
Safe Area
Account for Students
Do Not Open Door Until Police Arrive
Communicate

26. Rules of Thumb For Schools
Call 911 and stay on the phone.
Isolate and evacuate as soon as possible.
Collect as much information as possible.
Don’t try to be a hero.
Allow police first responders to make contact.

27. Resolution of an “Active Shooter” Situation
Most likely by patrol.
Non-traditional response.
Minimum number of officers.
Properly equipped.
Properly trained.
Able to transition to a barricade situation.

28. Police Priorities During An “Active Shooter” Situations
The capture or neutralization of the suspect, as soon as possible.
The lives of those in proximity of the shooter.
The lives and safety of citizens in the area.
The safety of police officers.
Containment.
After event investigation and a return to normalcy.

29. LE Policy and Procedure for Response to Active Shooters
Do we need a police response policy for “active shooter” situations?
Do we need procedures for “active shooter” situations?

30. Police First Responder Tactics
Position your patrol vehicle to act as cover with the best possible field of view.
Use a target site numbering system consistent with department policy for points of reference.
Collect and communicate assessment of situation clearly and concisely

31. DEPLOYMENT 3 2
Target Site 4 1

32. Building - Side/Opening Designation . . .2 1 1 5 4 1 3 2 1 2
Side 2
Side 1 - FRONT
Sides - Clockwise - starting with front as Side 1
Levels - Bottom to top
Openings - left to right

33. First Responder Actions
Tulsa Video
Video #1, Part 2

34. Proper Equipment for Patrol Officers
Weapons
Shouldered fired weapon with light mounts, shotgun with slug or police rifle.
Protective Gear
Ballistic helmet
Ballistic shields
Mechanical Breaching Equipment
Halligan tool
Sledge hammer

35. Weapons Why a shoulder fired weapon? Over penetration
Accurate weapons fire
Defeat body armor
Over penetration
Not an issue

36. Protective Gear
Ballistic Helmets
Ballistic Shields

37. Breaching Equipment
Sledge hammer
Halligan tool
Ram

38. Off Duty-Plain Clothes Personnel
Should be Clearly Identifiable as Police Officers
Windbreaker, External Armor with placards, traffic vests, etc.
Radio Communications available

39. Police Response to Dynamic –Active Shooter Incident
Quick Assessment
Communicate Assessment
Quick Intervention

40. Quick Assessment
Obtain as much information as possible en-route the location.
Suspect actions (static or dynamic), location, description, weapons
Victim injuries and location
Request school official to meet you in the parking lot
Upon arrival position yourself in the best possible location
On side one, front of school
Determine if you have an active shooter or possible barricade situation

41. Communications
First responding officer becomes the ad-hoc incident commander until relieved by a supervisor.
Collect information enroute and upon arrival at the location and communicate this information as quickly and concisely as possible to dispatch and responding units.

42. Ad-hoc Incident Commander
Responsibilities.
Collect information.
Direct responding units to a staging area.
Assemble an entry-contact team and move to the shooter.
Remain outside the location to direct additional responding units.
Transition command to a supervisor

43. Intervention If a barricade situation use the 4Cs
Contain, Control, Communicate, Call SWAT.
If a dynamic, active shooter situation
Put together an entry-contact team made up of patrol officers and move to the shooter.
Maintain an ad-hoc incident commander outside the location to gather additional information and direct additional responding personnel to location.

44. Immediate Deployment Tactics Patrol or SWAT
Contact-Rescue Team
Concept

45. Immediate Deployment Definition . . .
The swift and immediate deployment of law enforcement resources to on-going, life threatening situations where delayed deployment could otherwise result in death or great bodily injury to innocent persons.

46. When Utilized . . . Aggressive Deadly Behavior And . . .
Suspect(s) actively engaged in causing death or great bodily harm.
e.g., “Active Shooter,” edged weapon assaults, explosives, etc.
And . . .
The location is believed to contain multiple victims. e.g., schools, parks, playgrounds, sporting events, day care, high-rise structures etc.
Citizen/Officer Rescue
Deadly assault(s) may or may not be on-going.
Delayed law enforcement action could result in continued injury to citizens/officers.
Delayed recovery of victim(s) could result in victim(s)’ demise.

47. Immediate deployment tactics are not a substitute for conventional response to Barricaded Subjects.

48. Organization . . . Minimum - (3-4) Officers 1. Team Leader
Delegates team member responsibilities.
Formulates and implements plan.
2. Assistant Team Leader
Communicates with responding units.
Acts as additional Contact or Rescue Officer.
3. Designated Cover Officer (Point )
Armed with shotgun (Slug ammo if Dept. criteria is met).
Police Rifle - if Dept. criteria is met.
4. Rear Guard

49. Deployment . . . Organize Contact/Rescue teams.
Attempt diagonal deployment:
Place containment teams in a position to cover the “Predictable Target Area”
Area that suspect can potentially move within
Area where suspect may attempt to escape
Area where suspect has access to vehicles
Move to location and attempt to stop violence
Coordinate 360 degree containment with other responding units and SWAT
When SWAT arrives - transition control

50. Contact Team Conduct Priority is to make CONTACT with the suspect(s).
Move with 360 degree coverage (point, flanks, rear).
Stop deadly behavior.
Limit movement of suspect(s).

51. Contact Team Movement
Four Person Diamond Formation

52. Contact Team Prevent suspect escape. Continue past victim(s).
Continue past explosives.
Communicate progress to other responders.

53. Contact Team Provide preliminary assessment:
Victim(s)’ locations and medical needs.
Prioritize if possible.
Explosives - type and location.
Suspect(s)’ description and location
Types of weapons (if known).

54. Rescue Team Conduct Priority is RESCUE & RECOVERY of victim(s).
Identify suspect(s) location if possible.
Enter and/or approach location to locate victim(s).
Extract victim to a safe area and notify the Incident Commander.
Notify medical personnel if necessary.
When multiple victims are present . . .
Expand Rescue Team size as needed and emphasize:
Custody, Control and Accountability of victims
Coordinate actions with the Contact Team Leader and other responding personnel.

55. Victim Located . . .
After locating victim, first officer steps over and provides cover.
Cover danger areas.
Secure victim and evacuate - communicate recovery to Incident Commander.

56. Victim Located…

57. Contact Team Movement Video Clips
Patrol officers in contact team formations
Video # 3, Scenes 1-22

58. Contact/Rescue Team Movement
From vehicles to the building
Building entry
Movement to contact
Halls
Stairs
Room entry and clearing
Variety of configurations
Criss Cross
Step in and button hook

59. Contact Rescue Team Movement
Hallways 4 1 3 2
DCO – Designated Cover Officer (Point man)
L.C. – Left Cover
R.C. – Right Cover
R.G. – Right Guard

60. ROOM ENTRY – Closed Door
Criss-Cross 2 4 1 4 3 1 3 2 2 3

61. ROOM ENTRY – Open or Closed Door
Step In – Button Hook 3 2 3 2 4 1 3 2 4 1 3 2 3 2

62. Contact – Rescue Team Movement
Past Open Doors 2 2 4 1 4 1 3 3

63. Movement & Room Clearing Variations2 4 1 3

64. Considerations Losing contact with the suspect
Suspect contact and apprehension
Evacuations
Use of deadly force
Suppressive Fire
What to expect on entry
Encountering explosive devices

65. Losing Contact
What do you do when the shots and the screaming stops during your entry?
Has the suspect committed suicide?
Has he taken hostage and barricaded himself?
Has he escaped.
Lock team down in room or area and listen, request updates and collect intel

66. Suspect Contact and Apprehension
Primary goal
Stop suspect’s deadly behavior
Take suspect into custody
Remain in a position of cover, bring suspect to you.
Give clear and concise orders to suspect.

67. Evacuations
Evacuations for an active shooter are not like a fire drill
Move to a safe distance behind cover
Types of evacuations
Escorted
Police accompany evacuees to safe area.
Unescorted
Police direct evacuees to a safe area.
When in doubt, have teachers and student secure themselves in a classroom until a police escort can be provided.

68. Use of Deadly Force . . . no exception to the law . . . or policy
Based on IDOL (Immediate Defense Of Life).
INDIVIDUAL OFFICER makes decision.
Does not require approval from higher authority.
Utilized to stop the threat.
The law - “Objectively Reasonable.”
no exception to
the law or policy

69. Suppressive Fire . . .
A worst-case scenario - should only be employed when other options are not REASONABLE.
Directed at a “target specific” threat.
Always be cognizant of background
Utilized to stop or prevent deadly behavior caused by the suspect(s) when . . .
Entering an exposed area to gain a tactical advantage
Entering an exposed area to affect a rescue/recovery
All personnel must be aware of intended deployment.

70. What To Expect Upon Entry . . .
Noise, confusion, screaming, alarms etc.
Victims running, hiding, confused and frightened - not responding to law enforcement directions.
Carnage.
Fire and sprinkler operations.

71. Encountering Explosives . . .
Identify and report locations.
Position an officer for protection.
Don’t move - don’t touch.
Visually inspect for potential detonation.
Trip wires, timing device burning fuse etc.
Move past - continue to locate suspect(s) and/or victim(s).

72. SWAT Arrival During an Active Shooter Situation
Coordinate and relinquish responsibility as soon as possible.
Assist with containment responsibilities if necessary.
Assist with rescue teams if necessary.
Act as a “pathfinder” for responding SWAT personnel:
Direct to last known location of suspect(s)
Report location of explosives
Provide any additional pertinent information
Weaponry, suspect description, etc.

73. School and Police Response to Barricade Hostage Situations
Handling The Transition of an Active Shooter Situation to a Barricade Situation

74. Incident Transition Issues
Suspect driven
Is the suspect’s actions causing immediate death or serious bodily injury?
Is he barricaded alone or does he have hostages?
Should there be First Responder negotiations with the suspect?

75. School Response to Barricade “Static” Events
Isolate Suspect
Communicate to Police
Start Evacuation

76. Police Response To Barricade Event
Contain
Control
Communicate
Call SWAT
(4 C’s)

77. Police Priorities Barricade Incident
Lives of the Hostage (s)
Lives of innocent bystanders
Lives of police officers
Lives of the suspect (s)

78. Contemporary Tactics Using Negotiations and SWAT Have Successfully Resolved Over 95 % of Incidents Without Shots Being Fired

79. Negotiations and SWAT Response
Negotiators will establish contact with the suspect as soon as possible.
SWAT will begin to develop a tactical plan to resolve the situation if negotiations fail.

80. SWAT Response To Barricade Incident
Setup perimeters. Relieve patrol from the inner perimeter.
Facilitate evacuations and isolate suspect to smallest area.
Develop tactical options.
Tactical resolution a final option only if negotiations fail.

81. Ongoing Issues Police must have access to schools and school plans.
Team approach, police and schools, developing school policy and procedures.
Training all parties using realistic scenario based training.

82. Post Course Activities
Written Test
Course Critiques
Course Closeout

83. Always be prepared and never, never, give up!