1. C STANDARD I/O -used for reading, writing from/to standard output & formatting-©

2. STANDARD I/O In this session we will learn: Escape sequence
Character and string
Standard input/output (examples):
Standard input – printf()
Standard output – scanf() ©

3. STANDARD I/O standard library functions for file input and output.
C abstracts all file operations into operations on streams of bytes, which may be "input streams" or "output streams".
C has no direct support for random-access data files.
So, to read from a record in the middle of a file, the programmer must create a stream, seek to the middle of the file, and then read bytes in sequence from the stream. ©

4. STANDARD I/O
In this topic, indirectly, we also will learn the C standard built-in function.
And also the variadic functions (functions which having variable number of parameters) such as printf() and scanf().
Let start with escape sequence… ©

5. STANDARD I/O
Escape Sequence
Character combinations consisting of a backslash (\) followed by a letter or by a combination of digits.
Regarded as a single character and is therefore valid as a character constant.
Must be used to represent a newline character, single quotation mark, or certain other characters in a character constant.
Used to specify actions such as carriage returns and tab movements on terminals and printers.
Used to provide literal representations of nonprinting characters and characters that usually have special meanings, such as the double quotation mark ("). ©

6. STANDARD I/O
Allow you to send non-graphic control characters to a display device. e.g, the ESC character (\033) is often used as the first character of a control command for a terminal or printer.
Some escape sequences are device-specific. e.g, the vertical-tab and formfeed escape sequences (\v and \f) do not affect screen output, but they do perform appropriate printer operations.
You can also use the backslash (\) as a continuation character.
When a newline character (equivalent to pressing the RETURN key) immediately follows the backslash, the compiler ignores the backslash and the newline character and treats the next line as part of the previous line.
This is useful primarily for preprocessor definitions longer than a single line. e.g.
#define assert(xpr)  \
((xpr) ? (void)0 : _assert(#xpr, __FILE__, __LINE__)) ©

7. STANDARD I/O List of the ANSI escape sequences and what they represent
Description
Representation \'
single quote
byte 0x27
\"
double quote
byte 0x22 \?
question mark
byte 0x3f \\
backslash
byte 0x5c \0
null character
byte 0x00 \a
audible bell
byte 0x07 \b
backspace
byte 0x08 \f
form feed - new page
byte 0x0c \n
line feed - new line
byte 0x0a \r
carriage return
byte 0x0d \t
horizontal tab
byte 0x09 \v
vertical tab
byte 0x0b
\nnn
arbitrary ASCII character in octal value. At least one digit and maximum 3 digits. e.g. \10 or \010 for backspace
byte nnn
\xnn
arbitrary ASCII character in hexadecimal value. Number of hexadecimal digits is unlimited. e.g. \x31, \x5A
byte nn
\xnnnn
Unicode character in hexadecimal notation if this escape sequence is used in a wide-character constant or a Unicode string literal. e.g. L'\x4e00' -
\unnnn
arbitrary Unicode value. May result in several characters.
code point U+nnnn
\Unnnnnnnn
code point U+nnnnnnnn ©

8. STANDARD I/O
Character and string
A character constant is formed by enclosing a single character from the representable character set within single quotation marks ('').
e.g: '3', '\b', 'T', L'p', L'\x4e00'
A string is an array of characters. String literals are words surrounded by double quotation marks ("").
e.g:
"This is a string, lateral string"
L"This is a wide string"
"123abc"
"a4"
In C, to store strings we could use array or pointers type constructs. ©

9. Number Representation
STANDARD I/O
C number representation
Computers store information in binary (base-2).
Anything you write in a program and gets executed eventually gets converted to binary.
However for human reading we have base-10 (decimal), base-8 (octal) and base-16 (hexadecimal).
Summary:
Base
Number Representation
Calculation
Example
Binary
0,1
1x24+0x23+1x22+1x21+1x20
Decimal
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
2x101+3x100 23 -
Octal
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
2x81+7x80 27
Hexadecimal
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,a,b,c,d,e,f or
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
1x161+7x160 17 ©

10. STANDARD I/O
C number representation
Integer constants are constant data elements that have no fractional parts or exponents.
Always begin with a digit.
Can specify integer constants in decimal, octal, or hexadecimal form.
Can specify signed or unsigned types and long or short types.
To specify a decimal constant, begin the specification with a nonzero digit.
e.g.
int iNum = 187; // decimal constant ©

11. STANDARD I/O
To specify an octal constant, begin the specification with 0, followed by a sequence of digits in the range 0 through 7. e.g.
int iNum = 0774; // octal constant
int jNum = 0597; // error: 9 is not an octal digit
To specify a hexadecimal constant, begin the specification with 0x or 0X (the case of the "x" does not matter), followed by a sequence of digits in the range 0 through 9 and a (or A) through f (or F).
Hexadecimal digits a (or A) through f (or F) represent values in the range 10 through 15. e.g.
int iNum = 0x4f2a; // hexadecimal constant
int jNum = 0X4F2A; // equal to iNum ©

12. STANDARD I/O
To specify an unsigned type, use either the u or U suffix.
To specify a long type, use either the l or L suffix. For example:
unsigned unVal = 238u; // unsigned value
long lgVal = 0x6FFFFFL; // long value specified
// as hex constant
unsigned long unlgVal = ul; // unsigned long // value
To specify a 64-bit integral type, use the LL, ll or i64 suffix. ©

13. STANDARD I/O Byte character Wide character Description
Formatted input/output
scanf() fscanf() sscanf()
wscanf() fwscanf() swscanf()
reads formatted byte/wchar_t input from stdin (standard input), a file stream or a buffer
vscanf() vfscanf() vsscanf()
vwscanf() vfwscanf() vswscanf()
reads formatted input byte/wchar_t from stdin, a file stream or a buffer using variable argument list
printf() fprintf() sprintf() snprintf()
wprintf() fwprintf() swprintf()
prints formatted byte/wchar_t output to stdout (standard output), a file stream or a buffer
vprintf() vfprintf() vsprintf() vsnprintf()
vwprintf() vfwprintf() vswprintf()
prints formatted byte/wchar_t output to stdout, a file stream, or a buffer using variable argument list
Unformatted input/output
fgetc() getc()
fgetwc() getwc()
reads a byte/wchar_t from a file stream
fgets()
fgetws()
reads a byte/wchar_t line from a file stream
fputc() putc()
fputwc() putwc()
writes a byte/wchar_t to a file stream
fputs()
fputws()
writes a byte/wchar_t string to a file stream
getchar()
getwchar()
reads a byte/wchar_t from stdin
gets()
N/A
reads a byte string from stdin (deprecated in C99, obsolete in C11)
putchar()
putwchar()
writes a byte/wchar_t to stdout
puts()
writes a byte string to stdout
ungetc()
ungetwc()
puts a byte/wchar_t back into a file stream ©

14. STANDARD I/O File access fopen() opens a file freopen()
opens a different file with an existing stream
fflush()
synchronizes an output stream with the actual file
fclose()
closes a file
setbuf()
sets the buffer for a file stream
setvbuf()
sets the buffer and its size for a file stream
fwide()
switches a file stream between wide character I/O and narrow character I/O
Direct input/output
fread()
reads from a file
fwrite()
writes to a file
File positioning
ftell()
returns the current file position indicator
fgetpos
gets the file position indicator
fseek()
moves the file position indicator to a specific location in a file
fsetpos()
rewind()
moves the file position indicator to the beginning in a file
Error handling
clearerr()
clears errors
feof()
checks for the end-of-file
ferror()
checks for a file error
perror()
displays a character string corresponding of the current error to stderr
Operations on files
remove()
erases a file
rename()
renames a file
tmpfile()
returns a pointer to a temporary file
tmpnam()
returns a unique filename ©

15. STANDARD I/O
The printf() family
Loads the data from the given locations, converts them to character string equivalents and writes the results:
to stdout (standard output) such as printf() and wprintf().
to a file stream stream such as fprintf() and fwprintf().
to a character string buffer such as sprintf() and swprintf().
At most (buf_size – 1) characters are written such as snprintf(). The resulting character string will be terminated with a null character, unless buf_size is zero. ©

16. STANDARD I/O
Implementation dependant example (Microsoft Visual C++):
_printf_l()
Same as printf() but use the locale parameter passed in instead of the current thread locale.
_wprintf_l()
Same as wprintf() but use the locale parameter passed in instead of the current thread locale.
printf_s(), _printf_s_l(), wprintf_s(), _wprintf_s_l()
Same as printf(), _printf_l(), wprintf() and _wprintf_l() but with security enhancements ©

17. STANDARD I/O Sample function Name printf() Syntax
int printf(const char *format [,argument]...);
Parameters
format - Format control.
argument - Optional arguments.
... (additional arguments) - Depending on the format string, the function may expect a sequence of additional arguments, each containing a value to be used to replace a format specifier in the format string (or a pointer to a storage location, for n). There should be at least as many of these arguments as the number of values specified in the format specifiers. Additional arguments are ignored by the function.
Usage
Formats and prints a series of characters and values to the standard output stream, stdout. If arguments follow the format string, the format string must contain specifications that determine the output format for the arguments
Return value
Returns the number of characters printed (excluding the null byte used to end output to strings), or a negative value if an error occurs. If format is NULL, the invalid parameter handler is invoked
Example
printf("%ld, %#X, %-7d, %7s, %8.5f \n", 3, 120, 11, "STRING", 1.234);
Remarks
Also called a variadic function. ©

18. STANDARD I/O
The syntax for format specifications fields, used in printf(), wprintf() and related functions.
A format specification, which consists of optional and required fields, has the following form:
% [flags] [width] [.precision] [{h | l | ll | I | I32 | I64}]type
More readable form:
% [flags] [field_width] [.precision] [length_modifier] conversion_character
Where components in brackets [] are optional.
Examples:
printf("%#x\n", 141);
printf("%g\n", );
printf("%07d\n", 123);
printf("%+d\n", 456);
printf("%-7d,%-5d,\n", 33, 44);
printf("%7s\n", "123456");
printf("%4f\n", );
printf("%8.5f\n", 3.234);
printf("%.3f\n", );
printf("%hd\n", 7);
printf("%ld\n", 9);
printf("%ls\n", "my name");
printf("%Lg\n", ); ©

19. STANDARD I/O
Each field of the format specification is a single character or a number signifying a particular format option.
The simplest format specification contains only the percent sign and a type character, for example:
printf("A string: %s", "This is a string")
If a percent sign is followed by a character that has no meaning as a format field, the character is copied to stdout. For example, to print a percent-sign character, use %%.
The optional fields, which appear before the type character, control other aspects of the formatting, as follows: ©

20. STANDARD I/O
flags
Optional character or characters that control justification of output and printing of signs, blanks, decimal points, and octal and hexadecimal prefixes (refer to the "Flag Characters" table). More than one flag can appear in a format specification.
Width
Optional number that specifies the minimum number of characters output (refer to the printf() Width Specification.
precision
Optional number that specifies the maximum number of characters printed for all or part of the output field, or the minimum number of digits printed for integer values (refer to the Precision Specification table).
h | l | ll | I | I32 | I64
Optional prefixes to type that specify the size of argument (refer to Size Specification table).
type
Required character that determines whether the associated argument is interpreted as a character, a string, or a number (refer to the printf() Type Field Characters table). ©

21. STANDARD I/O Flag Directives Flag Characters
It is the first optional field of the format specification after % sign.
Is a character that justifies output and prints signs, blanks, decimal points, octal and hexadecimal prefixes. More than one flag directive may appear in a format specification.
Flag
Meaning
Default –
Left align the result within the given field width.
Right align. +
Prefix the output value with a sign (+ or –) if the output value is of a signed type.
Sign appears only for negative signed values (–).
If width is prefixed with 0, zeros are added until the minimum width is reached. If 0 and – appear, the 0 is ignored. If 0 is specified with an integer format (i, u, x, X, o, d) and a precision specification is also present (for example, %04.d), the 0 is ignored.
No padding.
' '
A blank. Prefix the output value with a blank if the output value is signed and positive; the blank is ignored if both the blank and + flags appear.
No blank appears. #
When used with the o, x, or X format, the # flag prefixes any nonzero output value with 0, 0x, or 0X, respectively.
When used with the e, E, f, a or A format, the # flag forces the output value to contain a decimal point in all cases.
Decimal point appears only if digits follow it.
When used with the g or G format, the # flag forces the output value to contain a decimal point in all cases and prevents the truncation of trailing zeros.
Ignored when used with c, d, i, u, or s.
Decimal point appears only if digits follow it. Trailing zeros are truncated. ©

22. STANDARD I/O Code example: printf("%%#x: %#x\n", 120 );
printf("%%#o: %#o\n", 120 );
printf("%%o: %o\n", 12 );
printf("%%#2f: %#2f\n", );
printf( "%%g: %g\n", );
printf( "%%g: %g\n", );
printf( "%%G: %G\n", );
printf("%%07d: %07d\n", 102 );
printf("%+d\n", 102 );
printf("%%-7d,%%-5d,: %-7d,%-5d,\n", 11, 22 );
printf("%%#010x: %#010x\n", 121 );
printf("%%#010X: %#010X\n", 121 ); ©

23. STANDARD I/O Output example: %#x: 0x78 %x: c %#X: 0X78 %X: C %#o: 0170
%#2f:
%g:
%g: 9.3e+007
%G: 9.3E+007
%07d:
+102
%-7d,%-5d,: ,22 ,
%#010x: 0x
%#010X: 0X ©

24. STANDARD I/O The second optional field.
Width Specification
The second optional field.
The width argument is a non-negative decimal integer controlling the minimum number of characters printed.
If the number of characters in the output value is less than the specified width, blanks are added to the left or the right of the values, depending on whether the – (minus) flag (for left alignment) is specified, until the minimum width is reached.
If width is prefixed with 0, zeros are added until the minimum width is reached (not useful for left-aligned numbers).
The width specification never causes a value to be truncated. ©

25. STANDARD I/O
Width Specification
If the number of characters in the output value is greater than the specified width, or if width is not given, all characters of the value are printed (but subject to the precision specification).
If the width specification is an asterisk (*), an int argument from the argument list supplies the value.
The width argument must precede the value being formatted in the argument list.
A non-existent or small field width does not cause the truncation of a field; if the result of a conversion is wider than the field width, the field expands to contain the conversion result.
Example:
printf("%%7s: %7s, %%7s: %7s,\n", "abc", "123456" );
%7s: abc, %7s: , ©

26. STANDARD I/O The third optional field.
Precision Specification
The third optional field.
It specifies a nonnegative decimal integer, preceded by a period (.), which specifies the number of characters to be printed, the number of decimal places, or the number of significant digits as summarized in the following table.
Unlike the width specification, the precision specification can cause either truncation of the output value or rounding of a floating-point value.
If precision is specified as 0 and the value to be converted is 0, the result is no characters output, as shown below:
printf("%.0d", 0); /* no characters output */ ©

27. STANDARD I/O
Precision Specification
If the precision specification is an asterisk (*), an int argument from the argument list supplies the value.
The precision argument must precede the value being formatted in the argument list.
The type determines the interpretation of precision and the default when precision is omitted, as shown in the following table. ©

28. STANDARD I/O How Precision Values Affect Type Type Meaning Default
a, A
The precision specifies the number of digits after the point.
Default precision is 6. If precision is 0, no point is printed unless the # flag is used.
c, C
The precision has no effect.
Character is printed.
d, i, u, o, x, X
The precision specifies the minimum number of digits to be printed. If the number of digits in the argument is less than precision, the output value is padded on the left with zeros. The value is not truncated when the number of digits exceeds precision.
Default precision is 1.
e, E
The precision specifies the number of digits to be printed after the decimal point. The last printed digit is rounded.
Default precision is 6; if precision is 0 or the period (.) appears without a number following it, no decimal point is printed. f
The precision value specifies the number of digits after the decimal point. If a decimal point appears, at least one digit appears before it. The value is rounded to the appropriate number of digits.
Default precision is 6; if precision is 0, or if the period (.) appears without a number following it, no decimal point is printed.
g, G
The precision specifies the maximum number of significant digits printed.
Six significant digits are printed, with any trailing zeros truncated.
s, S
The precision specifies the maximum number of characters to be printed. Characters in excess of precision are not printed.
Characters are printed until a null character is encountered. ©

29. STANDARD I/O
How Precision Values Affect Type, continue…
If the argument corresponding to a floating-point specifier is infinite, indefinite, or NAN 9 (Not-A-Number), printf() gives the following output.
Value
Output
+ infinity
1.#INFrandom-digits
– infinity
–1.#INFrandom-digits
Indefinite (same as quiet NaN)
digit.#INDrandom-digits
NAN
digit.#NANrandom-digits ©

30. STANDARD I/O Code Example: printf("%%4f: %4f\n", 12.4321 );
printf( "%%.3f: %.3f\n%%.3g: %.3g\n%%.3f: %.3f\n%%.3g: %.3g\n", 100.2, 100.2, , );
printf( "%%.5s: %.5s\n", "abcdefg" ); ©

31. STANDARD I/O %4f: 12.432100 %8.5f: 1.23400 %.1f: 12.4 %.3f: 12.432
Output example:
%4f:
%8.5f:
%.1f: 12.4
%.3f:
%.3f:
%.3g: 100
%.3f: 3.142
%.3g: 3.14
%.5s: abcde ©

32. STANDARD I/O Also known as length modifiers.
Size Specification
Also known as length modifiers.
The optional prefixes to type, h, l, I, I32, I64, and ll specify the "size" of argument (long or short, 32- or 64-bit, single-byte character or wide character, depending upon the type specifier that they modify).
These type-specifier prefixes are used with type characters in printf() functions or wprintf() functions to specify interpretation of arguments, as shown in the following table.
These prefixes are Microsoft (and some other implementations) extensions example and are not ANSI-compatible. ©

33. Size prefixes for printf() and wprintf() format-type specifiers
STANDARD I/O
Size Specification
Size prefixes for printf() and wprintf() format-type specifiers
To specify
Use prefix
With type specifier
long int
l (lowercase L)
d, i, o, x, or X
long unsigned int l
o, u, x, or X
long long ll
short int h
short unsigned int
__int32
I32
unsigned __int32
__int64
I64
unsigned __int64
ptrdiff_t (that is, __int32 on 32-bit platforms, __int64 on 64-bit platforms) I ©

34. STANDARD I/O Size Specification To specify Use prefix
With type specifier
size_t (that is, unsigned __int32 on 32-bit platforms, unsigned __int64 on 64-bit platforms) I
o, u, x, or X
long double
l or L f
Single-byte character with printf() functions h
c or C
Single-byte character with wprintf() functions
Wide character with printf() functions l
Wide character with wprintf() functions
Single-byte – character string with printf() functions
s or S
Single-byte – character string with wprintf() functions
Wide-character string with printf() functions
Wide-character string with wprintf() functions
Wide character w c
Wide-character string s ©

35. STANDARD I/O
Size Specification
Thus to print single-byte or wide-characters with printf() functions and wprintf() functions, use format specifiers as follows.
To print character as
Use function
With format specifier
single byte
printf()
c, hc, or hC
wprintf()
C, hc, or hC
wide
c, lc, lC, or wc
C, lc, lC, or wc
To print strings with printf() functions and wprintf() functions, use the prefixes h and l analogously with format type-specifiers s and S. ©

36. STANDARD I/O Code example: short int i = 3; long int j = 3;
wchar_t* wide_str = L"This is a wide string";
long double d = ;
printf( "%%hd: %hd\n", i );
printf( "%%ld: %ld\n", j );
printf( "%%ls: %ls\n", wide_str );
printf( "%%Lg: %Lg\n", d ); ©

37. STANDARD I/O %hd: 3 %ld: 3 %ls: This is a wide string %Lg: 3.14159
Output example:
%hd: 3
%ld: 3
%ls: This is a wide string
%Lg: ©

38. STANDARD I/O
Type character
The type character of the format specification indicates that the corresponding argument is to be interpreted as a character, string, or number.
The type character is the only required format field, and it appears after any optional format fields. ©

39. printf() Type Field Characters
STANDARD I/O
Type character
printf() Type Field Characters
Character
Type
Output format c
int
When used with printf() functions, specifies a single-byte character; when used with wprintf() functions, specifies a wide character.
d, i
Signed decimal integer. o
Unsigned octal integer. u
Unsigned decimal integer. x
Unsigned hexadecimal integer, using "abcdef." X
Unsigned hexadecimal integer, using "ABCDEF." e
double
Signed value having the form [ – ]d.dddd e [sign]dd[d] where d is a single decimal digit, dddd is one or more decimal digits, dd[d] is two or three decimal digits depending on the output format and size of the exponent, and sign is + or –. E
Identical to the e format except that E rather than e introduces the exponent. f
Signed value having the form [ – ]dddd.dddd, where dddd is one or more decimal digits. The number of digits before the decimal point depends on the magnitude of the number, and the number of digits after the decimal point depends on the requested precision. ©

40. STANDARD I/O Type character Character Type Output format g double
Signed values are displayed in f or e format, whichever is more compact for the given value and precision. The e format is used only when the exponent of the value is less than –4 or greater than or equal to the precision argument. Trailing zeros are truncated, and the decimal point appears only if one or more digits follow it. G
Identical to the g format, except that E, rather than e, introduces the exponent (where appropriate). p
Pointer to void
Displays the argument as an address in hexadecimal digits (as if by %#x or %#lx) n
Pointer to integer
Number of characters successfully written so far to the stream or buffer; this value is stored in the integer whose address is given as the argument. a
Signed hexadecimal double precision floating point value having the form [−]0xh.hhhh p±dd, where h.hhhh are the hex digits (using lower case letters) of the mantissa, and dd are one or more digits for the exponent. The precision specifies the number of digits after the point. A
Signed hexadecimal double precision floating point value having the form [−]0Xh.hhhh P±dd, where h.hhhh are the hex digits (using capital letters) of the mantissa, and dd are one or more digits for the exponent. The precision specifies the number of digits after the point. s
String
When used with printf() functions, specifies a single-byte-character string; when used with wprintf() functions, specifies a wide-character string. Characters are displayed up to the first null character or until the precision value is reached. ©

41. STANDARD I/O Source code for C program examples in txt file format:©

42. STANDARD I/O
scanf() family
Read formatted data from a variety of standard input stream which are:
data from stdin (standard input) such as scanf() and wscanf()
data from file stream stream fscanf() and fwscanf()
data from null-terminated character string buffer sscanf() and swscanf()
and interprets it according to the format then stores the results in its arguments. ©

43. STANDARD I/O
Implementation dependant (Microsoft visual C++) example is listed in the following table.
Function
Description
_scanf_l()
Same as scanf() except they use the locale parameter passed in instead of the current thread locale.
_wscanf_l()
Same as wscanf() except they use the locale parameter passed in instead of the current thread locale.
_scanf_s_l()
Same as _scanf_l() with security enhancements.
_wscanf_s_l()
Same as _wscanf_l() with security enhancements ©

44. STANDARD I/O Function example Name scanf() Syntax
int scanf(const char *format [,argument]...);
Parameters
format - pointer to a null-terminated character string specifying how to read the input or a format control string.
argument - optional arguments.
receiving arguments
Usage
Read formatted data from the standard input stream
Return value
Returns the number of fields successfully converted and assigned; the return value does not include fields that were read but not assigned. A return value of 0 indicates that no fields were assigned. If format is a NULL pointer, the invalid parameter handler is executed. If execution is allowed to continue, these functions return EOF.
Example
scanf("%d%5f%f%s", &i, &j, &x, name);
Remarks
Also called variadic function. ©

45. STANDARD I/O
Format Specification Fields for scanf() and wscanf() family
Describes the symbols used to tell the scanf() functions how to parse the input stream, such as from stdin, into values that are inserted into (program) variables.
Has the following form, components in brackets [ ] are optional.
% [*] [width] [{h | l | ll | I64 | L}]type
More readable form:
% [*] [field_width] [length_modifier] conversion_character
Where components in brackets [ ] are optional.
Example:
scanf("%f", &x);
scanf("%4f", &x);
scanf("%ls", &x);
scanf("%*d %[ ]", name); ©

46. STANDARD I/O
The format argument specifies the interpretation of the input and can contain one or more of the following:
White-space characters: blank (' '); tab ('\t'); or newline ('\n'). A white-space character causes scanf() to read, but not store, all consecutive white-space characters in the input up to the next non-white-space character. One white-space character in the format matches any number (including 0) and combination of white-space characters in the input.
Non-white-space characters: except for the percent sign (%). A non-white-space character causes scanf() to read, but not store, a matching non-white-space character. If the next character in the input stream does not match, scanf() terminates.
Format specifications: introduced by the percent sign (%). A format specification causes scanf() to read and convert characters in the input into values of a specified type. The value is assigned to an argument in the argument list. ©

47. STANDARD I/O The format is read from left to right.
Characters outside format specifications are expected to match the sequence of characters in the input stream; the matching characters in the input stream are scanned but not stored.
If a character in the input stream conflicts with the format specification, scanf() terminates, and the character is left in the input stream as if it had not been read.
When the first format specification is encountered, the value of the first input field is converted according to this specification and stored in the location that is specified by the first argument.
The second format specification causes the second input field to be converted and stored in the second argument, and so on through the end of the format string. ©

48. STANDARD I/O
An input field is defined as all characters (a string of non-white-space character) up to the first white-space character (space, tab, or newline), or up to the first character that cannot be converted according to the format specification, or until the field width (if specified) is reached.
If there are too many arguments for the given specifications, the extra arguments are evaluated but ignored.
The results are unpredictable if there are not enough arguments for the format specification.
Each field of the format specification is a single character or a number signifying a particular format option.
The type character, which appears after the last optional format field, determines whether the input field is interpreted as a character, a string, or a number.
The simplest format specification contains only the percent sign and a type character. e.g. scanf(%s) ©

49. STANDARD I/O
If a percent sign (%) is followed by a character that has no meaning as a format-control character, that character and the following characters (up to the next percent sign) are treated as an ordinary sequence of characters, that is, a sequence of characters that must match the input.
For example, to specify that a percent-sign character is to be input, use %%.
An asterisk (*) following the percent sign suppresses assignment of the next input field, which is interpreted as a field of the specified type. The field is scanned but not stored. ©

50. STANDARD I/O format strings in the scanf() family of functions.
scanf() Width Specification
format strings in the scanf() family of functions.
These functions normally assume the input stream is divided into a sequence of tokens.
Tokens are separated by whitespace (space, tab, or newline), or in the case of numerical types, by the natural end of a numerical data type as indicated by the first character that cannot be converted into numerical text.
However, the width specification may be used to cause parsing of the input to stop before the natural end of a token.
The width specification consists of characters between the % and the type field specifier, which may include a positive integer called the width field and one or more characters indicating the size of the field, which may also be considered as modifiers of the type of the field, such as an indication of whether the integer type is short or long.
Such characters are referred to as the size prefix. e.g.
scanf("%4f", &x); ©

51. STANDARD I/O
The Width Field
The width field is a positive decimal integer controlling the maximum number of characters to be read for that field.
No more than width characters are converted and stored at the corresponding argument.
Fewer than width characters may be read if a whitespace character (space, tab, or newline) or a character that cannot be converted according to the given format occurs before width is reached. ©

52. STANDARD I/O
The Size Prefix
The optional prefixes h, l, ll, I64, and L indicate the size of the argument (long or short, single-byte character or wide character, depending upon the type character that they modify).
Used with type characters in scanf() or wscanf() functions to specify interpretation of arguments as shown in the following table.
The type prefix I64 is a Microsoft extension example and is not ANSI compatible.
The h, l, and L prefixes are Microsoft extensions when used with data of type char.
The type characters and their meanings are described in the "Type Characters for scanf() functions" table. ©

53. Size Prefixes for scanf() and wscanf() Format-Type Specifiers
STANDARD I/O
Size Prefixes for scanf() and wscanf() Format-Type Specifiers
To specify
Use prefix
With type specifier
double l
e, E, f, g, or G
long double (same as double) L
long int
d, i, o, x, or X
long unsigned int u
long long ll
short int h
short unsigned int
__int64
I64
d, i, o, u, x, or X
Single-byte character with scanf()
c or C
Single-byte character with wscanf()
c or C
Wide character with scanf()
Wide character with wscanf()
c, or C
Single-byte character string with scanf()
s or S
Single-byte character string with wscanf()
Wide-character string with scanf()
Wide-character string with wscanf() ©

54. STANDARD I/O
The following examples use h and l with scanf() functions and wscanf() functions:
scanf( "%ls", &x ); // read a wide-character string
wscanf( "%hC", &x ); // read a single-byte character ©

55. STANDARD I/O
Reading Undelimited strings
To read strings not delimited by whitespace characters, a set of characters in brackets ([]) can be substituted for the s (string) type character.
The set of characters in brackets is referred to as a control string.
The corresponding input field is read up to the first character that does not appear in the control string.
If the first character in the set is a caret (^), the effect is reversed: The input field is read up to the first character that does appear in the rest of the character set.
%[a-z] and %[z-a] are interpreted as equivalent to %[abcde...z].
This is a common scanf() function extension, but note that the ANSI standard does not require it. ©

56. STANDARD I/O
Some implementation supports a nonstandard extension that causes the library to dynamically allocate a string of sufficient size for input strings for the %s and %a[range] conversion specifiers.
To make use of this feature, specify a as a length modifier (thus %as or %a[range]). The caller must free the returned string, as in the following example:
char *p;
int q;
errno = 0;
q = scanf("%a[a-z]", &p);
if (q == 1) {
printf("read: %s\n", p);
free(p); }
else if (errno != 0)
perror("scanf");
else
printf("No matching characters\n"):
(the a is interpreted as a specifier for floating-point numbers). ©

57. STANDARD I/O Reading Unterminated strings
To store a string without storing a terminating null character ('\0'), use the specification %nc where n is a decimal integer.
The c type character indicates that the argument is a pointer to a character array.
The next n characters are read from the input stream into the specified location, and no null character ('\0') is appended.
If n is not specified, its default value is 1. ©

58. STANDARD I/O When scanf() stops reading a field?
The scanf() function scans each input field, character by character. It may stop reading a particular input field before it reaches a space character for a variety of reasons:
The specified width has been reached.
The next character cannot be converted as specified.
The next character conflicts with a character in the control string that it is supposed to match.
The next character fails to appear in a given character set.
For whatever reason, when the scanf() function stops reading an input field, the next input field is considered to begin at the first unread character.
The conflicting character, if there is one, is considered unread and is the first character of the next input field or the first character in subsequent read operations on the input stream. ©

59. STANDARD I/O Type Field Characters for scanf() family
The following information applies to any of the scanf() family of functions.
The type character is the only required format field.
Appears after any optional format fields.
The type character determines whether the associated argument is interpreted as a character, string, or number. ©

60. Size argument in secure version?
STANDARD I/O
Character
Type of input expected
Type of argument
Size argument in secure version? c
Character. When used with scanf() functions, specifies single-byte character; when used with wscanf() functions, specifies wide character. White-space characters that are ordinarily skipped are read when c is specified. To read next non-white-space single-byte character, use %1s; to read next non-white-space wide character, use %1ws.
Pointer to char when used with scanf() functions, pointer to wchar_t when used with wscanf() functions.
Required. Size does not include space for a null terminator. C
Opposite size character. When used with scanf() functions, specifies wide character; when used with wscanf() functions, specifies single-byte character. White-space characters that are ordinarily skipped are read when C is specified. To read next non-white-space single-byte character, use %1s; to read next non- white-space wide character, use %1ws.
Pointer to wchar_t when used with scanf() functions, pointer to char when used with wscanf() functions.
Required. Size argument does not include space for a null terminator. d
Decimal integer.
Pointer to int.
No. ©

61. STANDARD I/O d i o u e , E, f, g, G x n Continue… Decimal integer.
Pointer to int.
No. i
An integer. Hexadecimal if the input string begins with "0x" or "0X", octal if the string begins with "0", otherwise decimal. o
Octal integer. u
Unsigned decimal integer.
Pointer to unsigned int. x
Hexadecimal integer.
e , E, f, g, G
Floating-point value consisting of optional sign (+ or –), series of one or more decimal digits containing decimal point, and optional exponent ("e" or "E") followed by an optionally signed integer value.
Pointer to float. n
No input read from stream or buffer.
Pointer to int, into which is stored number of characters successfully read from stream or buffer up to that point in current call to scanf() functions or wscanf() functions. ©

62. STANDARD I/O s S Continue…
String, up to first white-space character (space, tab or newline). To read strings not delimited by space characters, use set of square brackets ([ ]), as discussed in scanf() Width Specification.
When used with scanf() functions, signifies single-byte character array; when used with wscanf() functions, signifies wide-character array. In either case, character array must be large enough for input field plus terminating null character, which is automatically appended.
Required. Size includes space for a null terminator. S
Opposite-size character string, up to first white-space character (space, tab or newline). To read strings not delimited by space characters, use set of square brackets ([ ]), as discussed in scanf() Width Specification.
When used with scanf() functions, signifies wide-character array; when used with wscanf() functions, signifies single-byte- character array. In either case, character array must be large enough for input field plus terminating null character, which is automatically appended. ©

63. STANDARD I/O The a and A specifiers are not available with scanf().
The size arguments, if required, should be passed in the parameter list immediately following the argument they apply to. For example, the following code:
char string1[11], string2[9];
scanf("%10s %8s", string1, 11, string2, 9);
reads a string with a maximum length of 10 into string1, and a string with a maximum length of 8 into string2.
The buffer sizes should be at least one more than the width specifications since space must be reserved for the null terminator. ©

64. With these format specifiers
STANDARD I/O
The format string can handle single-byte or wide character input regardless of whether the single-byte character or wide-character version of the function is used.
Thus, to read single-byte or wide characters with scanf() and wscanf() functions, use format specifiers as follows:
To read character as
Use this function
With these format specifiers
single byte
scanf() functions
c, hc, or hC
wscanf() functions
C, hc, or hC
wide
c, lc, or lC
C, lc, or lC
To scan strings with scanf() functions, and wscanf() functions, use the above table with format type-specifiers s and S instead of c and C. ©

65. STANDARD I/O Program examples:
Example 1: Try the following inputs: A t byte characters
Example 2:
Example 3: See next slide (character and string issues with scanf()) ©

66. White space will terminate a string
STANDARD I/O
Run the following program and precede the %c’s with spaces.
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) {
      char a, b;
      int i, j;
      printf("Enter two char-int pairs: ");
      scanf(" %c %d", &a, &i);
      scanf(" %c %d", &b, &j);
      printf("%c:%d:\n", a, i);
      printf("%c:%d:\n", b, j);
      return 0; }
White space will terminate a string ©

67. STANDARD I/O
Did the values get read into the variables as they should have been?
Try the same experiment again without the leading spaces in the format strings for integers e.g. scanf(" %c%d", &a, &i);. Did you get the results as before?
Try the same experiment again without the leading spaces in the format strings for the characters (e.g. scanf("%c %d", &a, &i);. Did you get the same result as before?
When reading in integers, spaces are not needed, true or false?
When reading in characters, we would add the spaces before the %c’s, true or false?
YES
YES NO
TRUE
TRUE
Format strings for floats (%f) behave like integers and those for strings (%s) behave like characters. ©

68. END of C STANDARD I/O ©