1. Learning Goals The students will understand the Spaniards and how they explored Oklahoma with at least a level 3 understanding. The students will understand the Spaniards and how they explored Oklahoma with at least a level 3 understanding.

2. Anticipation Chart What I Already Know What I Want To Know What I Learned What I Already Know What I Want To Know What I Learned

3. First White Visitors There is as much uncertainty concerning the origin of the first white people to visit Oklahoma as there is concerning the origins of the first Indians. There is as much uncertainty concerning the origin of the first white people to visit Oklahoma as there is concerning the origins of the first Indians. For many years Francisco Vazquez Coronado was thought to have been the first in 1540. For many years Francisco Vazquez Coronado was thought to have been the first in 1540. In 1540, Don Antonio de Mendoza sent the Spanish cavalry under the command of Coronado into the unknown north country to search for gold. In 1540, Don Antonio de Mendoza sent the Spanish cavalry under the command of Coronado into the unknown north country to search for gold. Coronado recorded what he had seen in places no other white man had traveled. Coronado recorded what he had seen in places no other white man had traveled. He found food and salt Indian storehouses. He sent out scouting parties that explored the little Colorado River and found the Grand Canyon He found food and salt Indian storehouses. He sent out scouting parties that explored the little Colorado River and found the Grand Canyon He executed many of the people he conquered He executed many of the people he conquered For a year, Coronado and his men moved back and forth across the plains and mesas, fighting and searching. For a year, Coronado and his men moved back and forth across the plains and mesas, fighting and searching.

4. Spanish legacy When they departed the Spaniards left a legacy of distrust, hatred, and violence When they departed the Spaniards left a legacy of distrust, hatred, and violence Most importantly though they left horses. Most importantly though they left horses. Nothing changed the life of the western tribes as much as the horse. Nothing changed the life of the western tribes as much as the horse. 200 Years later when white men again encountered the western Indians their horses made them a more formidable foe than Coronado had faced. 200 Years later when white men again encountered the western Indians their horses made them a more formidable foe than Coronado had faced. Other animals brought for the first time into North America by the Spaniards were pigs, goats, sheep, cattle, and chickens. Other animals brought for the first time into North America by the Spaniards were pigs, goats, sheep, cattle, and chickens. Hernando De Soto brought many of them because he didn’t know if sufficient food would be available to feed his army. Hernando De Soto brought many of them because he didn’t know if sufficient food would be available to feed his army.

5. LaSalle and LaHarpe the French did not want to conquer. The French wanted to trade for furs Robert Cavalier, Sieur de la Salle, never saw Oklahoma, but in 1682 he claimed the area for France The French sought peace and trade with the Indians, but their feelings toward the Spanish were not so friendly

6. La Salle and La Harpe La Salle was certain that the Indians’ hatred of the Spaniards would bond the French and the Indians La Salle’s plan might have worked had the French army not encountered so many misfortunes. Lost in the wilderness, the French soldiers turned against their leader and killed him in his sleep. The survivors returned to France and left dreams of New World control buried with La Salle.

7. De Soto but didn’t De Soto’s army expected to find wealth in Florida similar to the jewels and precious metals found in South America by Cortes but didn’t When DeSoto’s army reached the Grand and Arkansas River valleys in eastern Oklahoma, he wrote about “wild cows” about how the “cow skins” were used in many different ways

8. Cultural Exchanges Indians traded with Europeans for most of the metal items needed Indians wanted to own knives. The most powerful metal item introduced to the Indians by Europeans was the gun. Most Indian tribes had some form of system by which the elderly and the disabled were supported. No such system existed anywhere in Europe in the form of a government agency In spite of their advanced technology in some areas, the American Indian had never developed the concept of the wheel.

9. Discovery of Runestones near Heavener in E. Ok. Pointed to Vikings 500 years before Spaniards Runes – If Runestones are genuine, November 1012 Viking in Oklahoma. If Runestones not genuine, could be the work of Swedish leader and Coronado and his army were first to enter Oklahoma. Reputable scientists believe Runes are hoax.

11. Chapter 2 Quiz 1.) What were the Spaniards in search of when exploring Oklahoma? a.) Silver b.) Better ways to farm c.) Gold 2.) Name one major landmark that Coronado discovered. a.) Carlsbad Caverns b.) The Appalachian Mountains c.) The Grand Canyon 3.) What happened to a lot of the people that were conquered by Coronado? a.) They were all held prisoner and sent back to Spain b.) All natives were respected within their rights to owning the land they lived on c.) They were executed 4.) What type of legacy did the Spaniards leave? a.) One of fame, fortune and good will b.) One of cowardice and unwilling to fight c.) One of distrust and hatred 5.) What did the Spaniards leave that really helped the Indians advance as a culture? a.) The invention of the wheel b.) The invention of fire c.) Horses 6.) When do historians believe the white settlers arrived? a.) 13th Century b.) It is unclear c.) 14th Century 7.) What is a Rune? a.) An ancient writing system b.) An ancient structure c.) An ancient Stone 8.) What do most reputable scientists believe about the Runes? a.) That they are authentic b.) That they were created by Lewis and Clark c.) That they are a hoax 9.) Who might have been in Oklahoma 500 years before the Spaniards? a.) The Italian b.) The Vikings c.) The British 10.) What was Coronado? a.) An aristocrat b.) A conquistador c.) A Spanish slave

12. Chapter 2 Quiz 1.) What were the Spaniards in search of when exploring Oklahoma? 2.) Name one major landmark that Coronado discovered. 3.) What happened to a lot of the people that were conquered by Coronado? 4.) What type of legacy did the Spaniards leave? 5.) What did the Spaniards leave that really helped the Indians advance as a culture? 6.) When do historians believe the white settlers arrived? 7.) What is a Rune? 8.) What do most reputable scientists believe about the Runes? 9.) Who might have been in Oklahoma 500 years before the Spaniards? 10.) What was Coronado?