1. President George HW Bush (1988-1992) President George HW Bush (1988-1992) Presided over collapse of Soviet Union: Presided over collapse of Soviet Union: collapse of totalitarian government in major region of world collapse of totalitarian government in major region of world decreased threat of nuclear war decreased threat of nuclear war U.S. a stronger superpower U.S. a stronger superpower Pres. Bush and Yeltsin

2. Fighting Apartheid in South Africa What was Apartheid? What was Apartheid? Rigid system of segregation Rigid system of segregation Global movement for Divestment in 1980s Global movement for Divestment in 1980s Divestment – withdrawing all investments Divestment – withdrawing all investments Congress imposed sanctions, but stopped short of full divestment Congress imposed sanctions, but stopped short of full divestment President Bush met with Nelson Mandela President Bush met with Nelson Mandela Sun City song

3. Operation Just Cause Invasion of Panama by U.S. to oust Noriega (Dec. 20, 1989 – Jan. 3, 1990) Invasion of Panama by U.S. to oust Noriega (Dec. 20, 1989 – Jan. 3, 1990) Manuel Noriega on CIA payroll (1959-80s) Manuel Noriega on CIA payroll (1959-80s) Bush Director of CIA in 1970s Bush Director of CIA in 1970s Noriega working with AND against drug cartels in “War on Drugs” Noriega working with AND against drug cartels in “War on Drugs” Reasons for Invasion: Reasons for Invasion: –Safeguard U.S. citizens in Panama –Defend Human Rights and Democracy –Combat drug trafficking –Protect Torrijos-Carter Treaties Casualties: 24 U.S. soldiers, 200 Panamian soldiers Casualties: 24 U.S. soldiers, 200 Panamian soldiers –Civilians – 200 to 4000; fires raged throughout city Noriega sentenced to 40 years (reduced to 30 later) Noriega sentenced to 40 years (reduced to 30 later) Clinton transfers Canal Zone back to Panama in 1999 Clinton transfers Canal Zone back to Panama in 1999

4. Operation Desert Storm First Persian Gulf War with Iraq First Persian Gulf War with Iraq Kuwait was diagonal drilling into Iraq’s wells Kuwait was diagonal drilling into Iraq’s wells Iraq invaded Kuwait Iraq invaded Kuwait U.S. led UN-sanctioned effort to help Kuwait U.S. led UN-sanctioned effort to help Kuwait Quick war Quick war Few American casualties; many Iraqi casualties Few American casualties; many Iraqi casualties

5. Operation Restore Hope Somalia (Dec. 1992 to May 1993) Somalia (Dec. 1992 to May 1993) Chaos in Somalia – local warlords vying for power Chaos in Somalia – local warlords vying for power 500,000 Somalis dead of starvation; 1000’s more regugees at risk 500,000 Somalis dead of starvation; 1000’s more regugees at risk Humanitarian groups targeted for violence Humanitarian groups targeted for violence Effort to ensure the success of humanitarian aid in Southern Somalia Effort to ensure the success of humanitarian aid in Southern Somalia UN sanctioned multinational force (UNITAF – Unified Task Force) UN sanctioned multinational force (UNITAF – Unified Task Force) Battle of Mogadishu (1993) – Black Hawk Down Battle of Mogadishu (1993) – Black Hawk Down