1. Oh, the Secretions I’ll Learn!
The Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
Anatomy Chapter 11

2. The Pituitary Gland

3. found at base of brain (sella turcica)
2 endocrine glands in one!
attached to hypothalamus by stalk
once considered master gland, but is known to be controlled by hypothalamus

5. Posterior Pituitary Gland
aka neurohypophoysis (neuro=nerve) composed of nerve cells/fibers & neuroglia 2 hormones: 1. antidiuretic hormone-ADH- accelerates re-absorption of water from urine in kidneys decreases volume of urine released 2. oxytocin- secreted by females before and after birth of child

6. Anterior Pituitary Gland
aka adenohypophysis (adeno=gland)
6-7 hormones
many of these hormones will stimulate another endocrine gland to grow & secrete its hormones (tropic hormones)
will affect: thyroid, adrenal cortex, ovarian follicles, corpus luteum

7. Tropic Hormones 1. thyroid stimulating hormone -TSH- acts on thyroid
causes it to secrete thyroid hormone
2. adrencorticotropic hormone –ACTh-
acts on adrenal cortex
causes it to grow & secrete its hormones

8. 3. follicle-stimulating hormone-FSH-
stimulates follicles to start to grow
causes them to secrete estrogen (females)
(in males) stimulates cells to grow and form sperm

9. 4. luteinizing hormone-LH- aka ovulating hormone stimulates follicles & ovum to grow & mature releases estrogen causes ovulation (females) produces progesterone (males) testes develop; secrete testosterone

10. Non-tropic Hormones
5. growth hormone –GH-
stimulates cells to increase in size & divide frequently
promotes normal growth
has to be balanced with blood glucose level

11. Gigantism

12. Classic Acromegaly

13. Acromegaly

14. Dwarfism

15. 6. melanocyte-stimulating hormone-MSH causes synthesis & dispersion of melanin by melanocytes may regulate ACTh 7. prolactin- stimulates milk production after birth found in males, but purpose not known

16. Thyroid Gland

17. below larynx & on sides & front of trachea
Thyroid Gland
vascular
below larynx & on sides & front of trachea
hypothalamus & pituitary gland controls
2 hormones released

18. thyroxine
aka tetraiodothyronine, T4 (contains 4 iodine atoms)
2. triiodothyronine, T3
(contains 3 iodine atoms)
most potent & principle hormone
(5x stronger)

19. regulate metabolism of carbs, lipids, proteins by:
purposes:
regulate metabolism of carbs, lipids, proteins by:
increasing rate which cells release energy from carbs
incr rate of protein synthesis
stimulate breakdown & mobilization of lipids

20. basal metabolic rate (BMR) the amount of calories the body must consume to maintain life at rest required for normal growth/development required for nervous sys to mature MUST have iodine *unique thyroid only gland to store hormones insufficient iodine = goiter

23. calcitonin- not actually considered true hormone
regulates conc of bld calcium & phosphate ions
the conc of calcium is what regulates release of calcitonin

24. Parathyroid Glands found on posterior of thyroid gland 4 glands
composed of secretory cells covered in connective tissue

25. secrete parathyroid hormone –PTH-
increases blood calcium concentration and decreases blood phosphate conc
affects bones, kidneys, intestines
increases a below normal bld calcium conc

26. Adrenal Glands found atop kidney (cap) vascular
consists of 2 glands in one
each releases different hormones

28. adrenal medulla composed of nerve cells
cells connected with sympathetic nervous system
hormones NOT VITAL for life
secretes 2 hormones:
epinephrine (adrenalin)
norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

29. epinephrine makes up 80% of secretions
both hormones have same effects as nerves on cell but lasts 10x longer
hypothalamus responds to stress, sends impulses to a.m.
body prepares for “fight or flight”

30. adrenal cortex makes up bulk of adrenal gland
composed of epithelial cells
vascular
produces > 30 steroids
many VITAL to life
3 main hormones:

31. 1. aldosterone type of mineralocorticoid
helps regulate conc of mineral electrolytes
affects kidneys to conserve Na+ and excrete K+
stimulates water retention
conc levels of Na+, K+, or kidney will affect hormone’s release

32. 2. cortisol aka-hydrocortisone
type of glucocorticoid- affects glucose metabolism, and metabolism of fats and proteins
actions of hormone help blood glucose levels to stay within normal range between meals

33. 3. adrenal sex hormones
most male hormones (androgens), but changed to female hormones
stimulates early development of reproduction organs

34. Cushing’s disease

35. Pancreas 2 glands in one! 2 major secretory cells
exocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes
endocrine releases hormones
endo cells are grouped in clusters called: islets

36. islets contain 2 types cells:
alpha – secrete hormone glucagon
beta- secrete hormone insulin

37. glucagon – stimulates liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose
raises blood sugar level
prevents hypoglycemia when glucose conc is low or used rapidly

38. insulin- stimulates liver to form glycogen from glucose & inhibits conversion of noncarbs into glucose
*only hormone to decrease blood sugar levels
normal bld sugar level mg

39. too little insulin-type I diabetes
abnormality of insulin type II diabetes

40. Pineal Gland aka - third eye near thalamus
secretes melatonin which regulates circadian rhythms-
patterns of repeated activity associated with cycles of day and night

42. helps body tell difference between day and night
may control onset of puberty
resembles pine cone

43. Thymus Gland