1. 25/08/2014 The Internationalisation of UK Policing 1945-2012 Georgina Sinclair Research Fellow International Centre for Policing, Crime and Justice The Open University

2. Copyright © Georgina Sinclair. All rights reserved. 25/08/2014 UK POLICE BRAND IS INTERNATIONAL Routinely Unarmed Integrity Human Rights Scotland Yard Expertise Modern Professionalism Community Policing ‘the bobby’ History

3. Copyright © Georgina Sinclair. All rights reserved. 25/08/2014 Questions? How did the UK police ‘brand’ become international? Journey from 19 th C to present day International policing assistance post 1945 – some case studies Emergence different facets of UK police brand

4. Copyright © Georgina Sinclair. All rights reserved. 25/08/2014 UK Police ‘Brand’? ‘The police force of Great Britain is a tremendous asset because we were the original democratic community based police service....’ ‘The Peelian principles of policing are so heavily enshrined and indoctrinated into our police force I think it is an asset. If you’re to look across Team UK and think, “What are we good at?” well, policing is definitely one of them and it is only, I feel, sensible to share that. It is a strength…’

5. Copyright © Georgina Sinclair. All rights reserved. 25/08/2014 International Development 19 C/20C – development of two broad ‘models’ –Civil and colonial –Two-way traffic Similar models developed commonwealth –E.g. Canada; Australia; New Zealand Training international police (Ireland/UK) Roving UK police advisors Interpol

6. Copyright © Georgina Sinclair. All rights reserved. 25/08/2014 Policing Empire Simpler approach? UK policing ‘models’ only for transfer Integration within colonial systems governance Crises decolonisation Reinforcement of ‘colonial’ styles Formed Police Units Independence Retaining colonial model Former colonial police officers (British) stayed on

7. Copyright © Georgina Sinclair. All rights reserved. 25/08/2014 ‘ New’ International Policing 1945-1965 International Policing Assistance –Bi-lateral/Multi-lateral missions –Allied Control Commission Cold War –E.g. Greece; Malaysia/Vietnam Commercialisation –E.g. Columbia Early UN Missions –E.g. Congo

8. Copyright © Georgina Sinclair. All rights reserved. 25/08/2014 8 Copyright © Georgina Sinclair. All rights reserved. Irish Policing: ‘global travels’ ‘ In terms of our experiences gained in Northern Ireland, we are very popular in providing aid to other parts of the world … we have worked over the last three years in Bosnia, Kosovo, Ethiopia, Gaza, Palestine, Jamaica, Guinea, Estonia, New Zealand, Iraq and Hungary, to name just a few. We have some incredible best practice, which we are happy to export, and we benefit in the longer term from doing that …’ (Sir Hugh Orde, Chief Constable PSNI, 2005)

9. Copyright © Georgina Sinclair. All rights reserved. 25/08/2014 UK Crises Northern Ireland post 1969 Familiarity with divided community policing/hostile environment policing Expertise in navigating between soft and hard policing Public Order management Firearms use: providing firearms training Counter-terrorist policing (tactical, operational, strategic) Professionalisation (since 1970) of police-military co- operation Professionalisation/modernisation (since 2001) of ‘community-based’ policing Request for these skills post 1989

10. Copyright © Georgina Sinclair. All rights reserved. 25/08/2014 1025/08/2014 Copyright © Georgina Sinclair. All rights reserved. UK & International Policing Post 1989 rise in UN/EU led missions & ad hoc international policing assistance –Blurring state/corporate boundaries –Demands for ‘UK’ policing skills HMG support for UK policing overseas –National Security Strategy (2010) –Strategic Defence and Security Review (2010) –Building Stability Overseas Strategy (2011) –Defence Engagement Strategy (2011) Why does this matter to the UK? –Post 9/11; transnational crime; protecting overseas + at home –UK police for senior UN/EU posts e.g. cultural diplomacy

11. Copyright © Georgina Sinclair. All rights reserved. 25/08/2014 UK Police Overseas Deployments – January 2012

12. Copyright © Georgina Sinclair. All rights reserved. 25/08/2014 Concluding Observations UK policing has internationalised through colonial-commonwealth experiences –leaving the ‘right’ legacy at end of empire Multi-faceted brand –‘civil’ – ‘colonial’ styles have interacted over time – international policing experiences impact at home – home office police; Scotland; Northern Ireland + National police forces (e.g. MDP) Elements of UK policing brand have become a commodity –E.g. E.g. ‘civil’/’colonial’ aspects post 1945 –E.g. Irish/Northern Irish – Balkans; Iraq; Afghanistan –E.g. MDP - Afghanistan

13. Copyright © Georgina Sinclair. All rights reserved. 25/08/2014 UK Police Experiences of Int Policing The Benefits 1325/08/2014 Copyright © Georgina Sinclair. All rights reserved. Thank You!