1. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11D1 Water in Emergencies Session 11D Context Specific Scenarios (4 of 4) Arid and Semi-Arid Environments (ASALs)

2. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11D2 Water in Emergencies in the ASALs Exercise: Identify the particular challenges to water provision in emergencies in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs or ‘drylands’)? Underground tank (birkad), Kenya S House / AAH-US

3. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11D3 Complexity of the Drylands Increasing frequency of the cycle of droughts in the ASALs Coping capacity reducing – destitute communities on edges of towns Traditionally complex systems of management of water & pasture Management systems are changing Complex land rights, land tenure systems

4. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11D4 Complexity of the Drylands Conflicts over water and pasture – between pastoral societies & between pastoral & agricultural communities Increasing use of firearms Climate change, environmental destruction Power in pastoral societies & gender divisions Pastoralism & pastoralist institutions in transition Care needed not to create dependency

5. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11D5 Dryland Technologies S House / WaterAid Artificial rock catchment, Kenya S House / UNICEF Underground tank (birkad), Ethiopia

6. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11D6 S House / WaterAid Pond, Tanzania S House / AAH-US Managed water pan by the Karmor Women’s Group, northern Kenya Dryland Technologies

7. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11D7 Dryland Technologies S House / WaterAid Traditional Maasai well, Tanzania S House / WaterAid Sub-surface dam, Kenya

8. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11D8 Drought Management Cycle MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS RELIEF Recovery Stage Normal Stage Alert/Alarm Stage Emergency Stage Drought Early Warning System (EWS) RECONSTRUCTION Arid Lands Resource Management project II, Office of the President, Kenya

9. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11D9 Good Practice Working in the Drylands Focus on drought cycle management Time to understand the context, communities & dynamics Employ staff with background from the drylands Specific attention on gender and the needs and priorities of women Prioritise appropriate dryland technologies – minimise use of mechanised boreholes Consider alternatives to community management – women’s groups, private ownership

10. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11D10 Good Practice Working in the Drylands Work with others to consider water for animals in an emergency context: –Ministry of Agriculture; –Pastoral network organisations & institutions; –Organisations who support livelihoods & animals Be aware of: –Complexity of the drylands; traditional land & water management, ownership, use & patterns –Combination of needs for animals – food, water, salt –Importance of animals to pastoral societies - nutrition, health, well- being, spiritual / cultural needs, capacity to recover –Risks of changing migration patterns from mechanised boreholes & potential negative impacts - environment & conflicts

11. WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies W W11D11 Very useful resources… IIRR, ACACIA & CordAid (2004) on ‘Drought Cycle Management; A toolkit for the drylands of the Greater Horn’: Book or CD purchased from: http://www.mamud.com/iirr_africa_pubs.htm Nissen-Petersen, E et al (2006) a series of detailed publications on technologies for the drylands, funded by DANIDA on: –Water Surveys and Designs; –Water from Dry Riverbeds; –Water from Roads; –Water from Rock Outcrops; –Water from Roofs; –Water from Small and Dams Free hardcopy ordered or downloaded free from the website: www.waterforaridland.com