1. THE CONTEMPORARY AGE UNIT 12

2. PROGRESS IN THE CONTEMPORARY AGE TransportHousingEducationCommunicationMedicineIndustry Internal combustion engine Steam engine Running water flats Free education for all radio post newspaper email television Mobile phones machines robots Steam engines factories computers X-ray machine Public health service

3. Spain in the nineteenth century The invasion led by Napoleon Bonaparte, in 1808, led to the Spanish War of Independence. During the war, representatives of the Spanish Parliament met in Cádiz, to discuss a Constitution, which was approved in 1812. The Constitution of Cádiz. In 1814, Spain defeated France. King Fernando VII returned to Spain, he abolished the Constitution de Cádiz, as a result, there were many conflicts in Spain. Colonies in the Americas took advantage of this instability to become independent from Spain. The instability in Spain continued, and the First Spanish Republic was declared in 1873. This republic only lasted one year and in 1874, Alfonso XII, became king of Spain. Spain in the nineteenth century The invasion led by Napoleon Bonaparte, in 1808, led to the Spanish War of Independence. During the war, representatives of the Spanish Parliament met in Cádiz, to discuss a Constitution, which was approved in 1812. The Constitution of Cádiz. In 1814, Spain defeated France. King Fernando VII returned to Spain, he abolished the Constitution de Cádiz, as a result, there were many conflicts in Spain. Colonies in the Americas took advantage of this instability to become independent from Spain. The instability in Spain continued, and the First Spanish Republic was declared in 1873. This republic only lasted one year and in 1874, Alfonso XII, became king of Spain.

4. SOCIAL CHANGES IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY During the early nineteenth century, many economic changes took place throughout Europe. The most important invention was the steam engine. This meant that :- people could travel further and faster on railways and in ships. - goods such as textiles could be mass-produced in factories. Upper class Nobles Rich factory owners Bankers Middle class Merchants Doctors Lawyers Lower class Agricultural workers (country) Factory workers (towns and cities)

5. TWENTIETH CENTURY EARLY EARLY Alfonso XII was given control of government in 1902 During his reign, Spain lost its last colonies in the Americas. In 1923 there was a military takeover and General Primo de Rivera established a dictatorship until 1930. In 1931 was declared the Second Spanish Republic and another Constitution approved. Reforms: - It divided and distributed land to the agricultural workers. - It built new state schools. - It declared the first Statutes of Autonomy. On 18 th July 1936, General Francisco Franco led a military takeover against the Republic. This was followed by a civil war. Spain divided into the Republicans and the Nationalists. - The Republicans supported the democratically elected Republic. - The Nationalists supported General Franco and the military takeover. - The war officially ended on 1 st April 1939. LATE LATE When the Civil War ended, General Franco established a dictatorship which lasted until his death in 1975. - Republican laws and reforms in the Constitution were abolished. - Spain´s economy began to improve in the final decades of the dictatorship. In 1975 the transition from a dictatorship to a democracy began. - Juan Carlos I became king. - In 1977 the first democratic elections were held Adolfo Suárez was elected President. - In 1978, the Spanish Constitution was approved. - In 1983 the final Statutes of Autonomy were approved.