1. Louis’s early wars Wanted to limit power of Habsburgs
War of Devolution 1667
France invaded Flanders and Franche-Comte
Claimed his wife should have inherited Spanish Netherlands
Fought Triple Alliance of England, Sweden and Dutch.
In 1670 signed the secret Treaty of Dover
Allied with England to invade Netherlands
William of Orange rallied Spain, HRE against French menace.
Peace of Nijmwegen

2. Jesuits v. Jansenists
Gallican Liberties = French Church free of Papal interference
Nobility in France, Louis XIV’s confessor, all Jesuits.
Jansenism rose in 1630’s, they differed with Jesuits on free will. Cornelius Jansen.
They supported St. Augustine’s views on grace and salvation. They were still Catholics but were similar to Puritans.
Pope Innocent X called them heretics, Louis XIV agreed and persecuted them.

3. Revocation of Edict of Nantes
France was 90% Catholic, 10% Huguenot
Louis wanted to make France religiously unified
Persecuted Huguenots than in 1685 revoked Edict of Nantes
250,000 Huguenots left France
Louis became known as a religious fanatic

4. Louis’s Later Wars
Nine Years War- Fought against League of Augsburg (England, Spain, Sweden)
War of Spanish Succession
Charles II of Spain died in 1700 (last Habsburg king of Spain) with no heirs
Charles left entire empire to Philip of Anjou, Louis’ grandson, who became Philip V of Spain
Grand Alliance (England, Holland, HRE) was formed to make sure France didn’t become more powerful.
Ended with Treaty of Utrecht, England got Gibraltar and Minorca. Philip V remained king of Spain.

5. France after Louis XIV Largest population in Europe
Advanced economy and administrative structure
1715 Louis XV became King (Only 5 years old)
His uncle the Duke of Orleans was regent until he died in 1720.
Parlements = courts dominated by nobility.
Had the power to allow or disallow laws

6. John Law and The Mississippi Bubble
Scottish Mathematician and gambler
Was friend of Duke of Orleans
Established Bank of Paris
started printing money
Gained monopoly on trade in Louisiana (Mississippi Company) and sold stock.
People made money in Mississippi Company stock and tried to exchange paper money for gold at Bank.
Bank went bankrupt.
John Law had to leave France

7. Poland
King John III Sobieski saved Vienna from a Turkish siege in 1683.
Polish nobility elected King, any one could veto (Liberum Veto). Resulted in having foreigners chosen as King and the nobility and aristocrats having more power than kings.
Requirement of Unanimous elections led to lack of strong central authority.

8. Austrian Habsburg Empire, HRE
Habsburgs ruled diverse territory with different religions, languages and peoples.
Leopold I (R ) defeated invading Ottomans and expanded trade into Mediterranean.
Charles VI (R ) had no sons.
He negotiated the Pragmatic Sanction to allow his daughter to continue his line of succession.
Everyone agreed, but his daughter Maria Theresa (R ) had no army so her territory was attacked in 1740 by Frederick II of Prussia.

9. Prussia and the Hohenzollerns
After Treaty of Westphalia they expanded their territory and formed Prussia.
Frederick William, Great Elector of Brandenburg (R ) began expanding and building up army.
Junkers = German noble landlords
Junkers pledged obedience to Elector, in return serfs had to obey them.
Junkers also served as officers in military.

10. Kings Prussia Frederick I (R. 1688-1713)
Put his army at the control of HRE in War of Spanish Succession. In return HRE allowed him to take the title “King.”
Frederick William I (R )
Built army from 39,000 men to 80,000 in 1740
Organized bureaucracy along military lines
Top 5 military in Europe with only 13th largest population.
Didn’t use military aggressively
Frederick II (Frederick the Great, R )
Immediately used army to invade Silesia to upset Pragmatic Sanction.

11. Russia Ivan the Terrible (R. 1533-1584) Time of Troubles
Went crazy and demanded all power
Time of Troubles
Michael Romanov (R ) began dynasty that would rule until 1917.
Along with his successors Aleksei and Theodore II built bureaucracy and brought stabilization to Russia.
Boyars = Old Nobility
Still had power
Streltsy = Guards
Tsar was in danger of a mutiny

12. Peter the Great R. 1682-1725 Modeled himself after Louis XIV
In 1697 he travelled around Europe inspecting ports and military hardware.
He returned determined to make Russia a military power.
In 1698 the Streltsy rebelled, when Peter returned home he crushed them.

13. Peter the Great
Began drafting soldiers into the Army. By ,000 troops.
Forced Boyars to shave their beards and wear western clothing. (Instituted Beard Tax) Sought to end arranged marriages.
Built Navy
Fought Ottomans in Black Sea
Took Azov
Took land from Sweden to gain control of Baltic in the Great Northern War.

14. St. Petersburg
Peter founded his city on the Gulf of Finland. He forced Boyars to construct town houses there. (Versailles)
The architecture reflected growing Russian Western orientation. Architects from Western Europe were brought in to construct city.
Consequently it looks much different from other Russian cities.

16. The Peterhof Palace is a series of palaces and gardens located in Saint Petersburg, Russia, laid out on the orders of Peter the Great. These Palaces and gardens are sometimes referred as the "Russian Versailles".

21. Peter The Great Aleksei Reforms
was Peters son from his first wife whom he had divorced.
wanted to overthrow his father, he was sentenced to death, and killed when his plans with Habsburg emperor Charles VI were discovered.
Reforms
Bureaucracy
Colleges instead of Ministers
Table of Ranks
Boyars had to serve State
Russian Orthodox Church
Patriarch to Holy Synod

22. Ottoman Empire
Was largest and most stable European empire after the Roman Empire.
Hungary, Algeria, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Egypt, Greece
Diverse population = more religiously tolerant.
Religious groups didn’t interact or intermix.
Ottomans didn’t speak other languages, so Greeks translated.
Sultans ruled small territories.
Dhimmis = non muslims.
Couldn't serve in military

24. Ottoman Empire
Devshirme = Ottomans would take Christian boys, raise them as Muslims to fight in the elite Janissaries.
They would give non-Muslims jobs in the military and govt. because they would be loyal. Why? They owed their status and lives to Sultan.
Ottoman Nobility couldn’t gain powerful positions in govt. and military.

25. Ottoman Empire Ulama were Religious Scholars
Ottomans thought they were the protectors of Shari’a and Sunni Islam.
Ulama would advise Ottoman Govt. and support the state.
Ulama and Janissaries resisted change. They wanted Ottomans to conform to traditional Shari’a and old ways. Resisted European thought and culture.
Consequently Ottoman military, science and govt. fell behind Europe.