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2. Standardized Test Prep Image and Math Focus Bank
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Bellringers
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep
Image and Math Focus Bank
CNN Videos
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Visual Concepts

3. Chapter 4 Table of Contents Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Rocks: Mineral Mixtures
Table of Contents
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Section 2 Igneous Rock
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
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4. Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Bellringer
Most of us try to recycle the items we use in our daily lives to minimize the pollution we cause. In a way, the Earth also recycles through the rock cycle.
How can a rock be recycled? How long would recycling a rock take? What would a rock look like before, during, and after the process of recycling?
Record your thoughts about these questions in your science journal.
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5. Objectives Chapter 4 Describe two ways rocks have been used by humans.
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Objectives
Describe two ways rocks have been used by humans.
Describe four processes that shape Earth’s features.
Describe how each type of rock changes into another type as it moves through the rock cycle.
List two characteristics of rock that are used to help classify it.
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6. Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
The Rock Cycle
A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals or organic matter.
New rock forms from old rock material constantly.
The series of processes in which a rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geological processes is called the rock cycle.
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7. Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle
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8. The Value of Rock Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
The Value of Rock
Rock has been an important natural resource for as long as humans have existed.
Ancient and modern civilizations have used granite, limestone, marble sandstone, slate and other rocks as construction materials.
Rock is also an important ingredient in concrete and plaster, both of which are commonly used in construction.
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9. Processes That Shape the Earth
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Processes That Shape the Earth
Certain geological processes make and destroy rock.
These processes shape the features of our planet.
These processes also influence the type of rock that is found in certain areas.
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Resources

10. Processes That Shape the Earth, continued
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Processes That Shape the Earth, continued
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition The process in which water, wind, ice, and heat break down rock is called weathering.
Weathering is important because it breaks down rock into fragments of which sedimentary rock is made.
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11. Processes That Shape the Earth, continued
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Processes That Shape the Earth, continued
The process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another is called erosion.
The process in which sediment moved by erosion is dropped and comes to rest is called deposition.
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12. Processes That Shape the Earth, continued
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Processes That Shape the Earth, continued
Heat and Pressure Sedimentary rock can also form when buried sediment is squeezed by the weight of overlaying layers of sediment.
If the temperature and pressure are high enough, the rock can change into metamorphic rock.
If the rock gets hot enough to melt, this creates the magma that eventually cools to form igneous rock.
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13. Processes That Shape the Earth, continued
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Processes That Shape the Earth, continued
How the Cycle Continues Buried rock is exposed at the Earth’s surface by a combination of uplift and erosion.
Uplift is the movement within the Earth that causes rocks inside the Earth to be moved to the surface.
When uplifted rock reaches the Earth’s surface, weathering, erosion, and deposition begin.
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14. Illustrating the Rock Cycle
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Illustrating the Rock Cycle
The rock cycle is the continual process by which new rock forms from old rock material.
Round and Round It Goes
Rocks may follow various pathways in the rock cycle. The following Visual Concepts presentation show the different ways rock may change when it goes through the rock cycle.
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15. Rock Cycle Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept
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16. Rock Classification Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Rock Classification
Rock can be three main classes based on how the rock is formed:
Igneous rock
Sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rock
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17. Types of Rock Chapter 4 Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept
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18. Rock Classification, continued
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Rock Classification, continued
Each class of rock can be divided further, based on differences in the ways rocks form.
Igneous rock can be divided again based on whether the magma from which it forms cools on the Earth’s surface or below ground.
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19. Rock Classification, continued
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Rock Classification, continued
Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks are also divided into smaller groups.
Scientists study rocks in detail using two important criteria: composition and texture.
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20. Rock Classification, continued
Chapter 4
Section 1 The Rock Cycle
Rock Classification, continued
Composition is the chemical makeup of a rock. Composition can describe either the minerals or other materials in the rock.
Texture is the quality of a rock that is based on the sizes, shapes, and positions of the rock’s grains.
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21. Chapter 4
Section 2 Igneous Rock
Bellringer
Do you think rocks that cooled and solidified from lava on the Earth’s surface would look different from those that cooled and solidified from magma inside the Earth? Why?
Record your response in your science journal.
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22. Objectives Chapter 4 Describe three ways that igneous rock forms.
Section 2 Igneous Rock
Objectives
Describe three ways that igneous rock forms.
Explain how the cooling rate of magma affects the texture of igneous rock.
Distinguish between igneous rock that cools within the Earth’s crust and igneous rock that cools at the Earth’s surface.
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23. Origins of Igneous Rock
Chapter 4
Section 2 Igneous Rock
Origins of Igneous Rock
Igneous rock forms when hot, liquid rock, or magma, cools and solidifies. There are three ways magma can form:
When rock is heated
When pressure is released
When rock changes composition
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24. Composition and Texture of Igneous Rock
Chapter 4
Section 2 Igneous Rock
Composition and Texture of Igneous Rock
Light-colored igneous rocks are called felsic rocks.
Felsic rocks are rich in elements such as aluminum, potassium, silicon, and sodium.
Dark-colored igneous rocks are called mafic rocks.
Mafic rocks are rich in calcium, iron, and magnesium.
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25. Igneous Rock Formations
Chapter 4
Section 2 Igneous Rock
Igneous Rock Formations
When magma intrudes, or pushes, into surrounding rock below the Earth’s surface and cools, the rock that forms is called intrusive igneous rock.
Intrusive igneous rock usually has a coarse-grained texture because it is well insulated by surrounding rocks and cools very slowly.
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26. Chapter 4 Section 2 Igneous Rock
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27. Igneous Rock Formations, continued
Chapter 4
Section 2 Igneous Rock
Igneous Rock Formations, continued
Igneous rock that forms from magma that erupts, or extrudes, on the Earth’s surface is called extrusive igneous rock.
Extrusive igneous rock, commonly found around volcanoes, cools quickly on the surface and contains very small crystals or no crystals.
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28. Chapter 4
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Bellringer
Tree rings are formed each year of a tree’s life cycle. Tree rings exist because the weather changes of the seasons are reflected in the tree’s bark as the tree grows.
How are layers in sedimentary rock alike or different from rings in a tree? What can geologists infer from examining sedimentary rock layers?
Record your response in your science journal.
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29. Objectives Chapter 4 Describe the origin of sedimentary rock.
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Objectives
Describe the origin of sedimentary rock.
Describe the three main categories of sedimentary rock.
Describe three types of sedimentary structure.
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30. Origins of Sedimentary Rock
Chapter 4
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Origins of Sedimentary Rock
Wind, water, ice, sunlight, and gravity all cause rock to physically weather into fragments.
Through erosion, these rock and mineral fragments, called sediment, are moved from one place to another.
The sediment is deposited in layers, and eventually newer layers cover the older layers.
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31. Sedimentary Rock Cycle
Chapter 4
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary Rock Cycle
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
You may stop the video at any time by pressing the Esc key.
Visual Concept
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32. Origins of Sedimentary Rock, continued
Chapter 4
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Origins of Sedimentary Rock, continued
The most noticeable feature of sedimentary rock is its layers, or strata.
A single, horizontal layer of rock is sometimes visible for many miles.
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33. Composition of Sedimentary Rock
Chapter 4
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Composition of Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary rock is classified by the way it forms.
Clastic sedimentary rock is made of fragments of rocks cemented together by a mineral such as calcite or quartz.
Clasitc sedimentary rocks can have coarse-grained, medium-grained, or fine-grained textures.
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34. Chapter 4 Composition of Sedimentary Rock, continued
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Composition of Sedimentary Rock, continued
Chemical sedimentary rock forms from solutions of dissolved mineral and water.
As rainwater slowly makes its way to the ocean, it dissolves some of the rock material it passes through.
Some of this dissolved material eventually crystallized and forms the mineral that make up chemical sedimentary rock.
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35. Chapter 4 Composition of Sedimentary Rock, continued
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Composition of Sedimentary Rock, continued
Organic sedimentary rock is made up of the skeletons and shells of sea animals. These remains collect on the ocean floor and eventually become cemented together.
Coal is a type of organic sedimentary rock that is formed when decomposed plant material is buried beneath sediment and is changed by increasing heat and pressure.
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36. Sedimentary Rock Structures
Chapter 4
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary Rock Structures
Many features indicate the way sedimentary rock is formed. The most important feature is stratification.
Stratification is the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers.
Strata differ from one another depending on the kind, size, and color of their sediment.
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37. Sedimentary Rock Structures, continued
Chapter 4
Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary Rock Structures, continued
Sedimentary rocks sometimes record the motion of wind and water waves on lakes, oceans, rivers, and sand dunes in features called ripple marks.
Structures called mud cracks form when fine-grained sediments at the bottom of a shallow body of water are exposed to the air and dry out.
Even raindrop impressions can be preserved in fine-grained sediments, as small pits with raised rims.
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38. Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Bellringer
Write a brief description of how cookies are made. How is the mixture of raw ingredients like sedimentary rock? Do the raw ingredients of a cookie look the same after they are done baking?
Describe how cookie dough metamorphoses when it is baked in an oven.
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39. Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Objectives
Describe two ways a rock can undergo metamorphism.
Explain how the mineral composition of rocks changes as the rocks undergo metamorphism.
Describe the difference between foliated and non-foliated metamorphic rock.
Explain how metamorphic rock structures are related to deformation.
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40. Origins of Metamorphic Rock
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Origins of Metamorphic Rock
Metamorphic rocks are rocks in which the structure, texture, or composition of the rock have changed.All three types of rock can be changed by heat, pressure, or a combination of both.
A rock’s texture or mineral composition can change when its surroundings change. If the temperature or pressure of the new environment is different from the one in which the rock formed, the rock will undergo metamorphism.
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41. Origins of Metamorphic Rock, continued
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Origins of Metamorphic Rock, continued
Contact Metamorphism When magma moves through the crust, the magma heats the surrounding rock and changes it.
Some minerals in the surrounding rock are changed into other minerals by this increase in temperature.
The greatest change occurs where magma comes into direct contact with the surrounding rock.
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42. Origins of Metamorphic Rock, continued
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Origins of Metamorphic Rock, continued
Regional metamorphism occurs when pressure builds up in rock that is buried deep below other rock formations, or when large pieces of the Earth’s curst collide with each other.
The increased pressure and temperature causes rock to become deformed and chemically changed.
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43. Chapter 4 Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
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44. Composition of Metamorphic Rock
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Composition of Metamorphic Rock
As rocks undergo metamorphism, original minerals in a rock change into new minerals that are more stable within the new pressure and temperature conditions.
Many of these new minerals form only in meta-morphic rock. These are known as index minerals, and are used to estimate the temperature, depth, and pressure at which a rock undergoes meta-morphism.
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45. Texture of Metamorphic Rock
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Texture of Metamorphic Rock
All metamorphic rock has one of two textures.
Foliated Metamorphic Rock
Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock
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46. Texture of Metamorphic Rock, continued
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Texture of Metamorphic Rock, continued
Foliated Metamorphic Rock The texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are arranged in planes or band is called foliated.
Foliated metamorphic rock usually contains aligned grains of flat minerals, such as biotite mica or chlorite
Metamorphic rocks can become other metamorphic rocks if the environment changes again.
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47. Texture of Metamorphic Rock, continued
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Texture of Metamorphic Rock, continued
Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock The texture of metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are not arranged in planes or band is called nonfoliated.
Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks are commonly made of one or only a few minerals.
During metamorphism, crystals of these minerals may change in size or the mineral may change in composition in a process called recrystallization.
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48. Metamorphic Rock Structures
Chapter 4
Section 4 Metamorphic Rock
Metamorphic Rock Structures
Metamorphic rock has features that indicates its history. These features are caused by deformation.
Deformation is a change in the shape of a rock caused by a force placed on it.
These forces may cause a rock to be squeezed or stretched. Folds, or bends, in metamorphic rock are structures that indicate a rock has been deformed.
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49. Chapter 4
Rocks: Mineral Mixtures
Concept Map
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
sedimentary
clastic
extrusive
rocks
metamorphic
regional
igneous
intrusive
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50. Chapter 4 Rocks: Mineral Mixtures
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51. Chapter 4 Rocks: Mineral Mixtures
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52. End of Chapter 4 Show Header – dark yellow 24 points Arial Bold
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53. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
Reading
Read each of the passages. Then, answer the questions that follow each passage.

54. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 1 The texture and composition of a rock can provide good clues about how and where the rock formed. Scientists use both texture and composition to understand the origin and history of rocks. For example, marble is a rock that is made when limestone is metamorphosed. Only limestone contains the mineral—calcite—that can change into marble. Therefore, wherever scientists find marble, they know the sediment that created the original limestone was deposited in a warm ocean or lake environment.

55. Chapter 4 1. In the passage, what does the word origin mean?
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In the passage, what does the word origin mean?
A size or appearance
B age
C location or surroundings
D source or formation

56. Chapter 4 1. In the passage, what does the word origin mean?
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In the passage, what does the word origin mean?
A size or appearance
B age
C location or surroundings
D source or formation

57. Chapter 4 2. Based on the passage, what can the reader conclude?
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Based on the passage, what can the reader conclude?
F Marble is a sedimentary rock.
G Limestone is created by sediments deposited in warm ocean or lake environments.
H Marble is a rock that is made when sandstone has undergone metamorphism.
I In identifying a rock, the texture of a rock is more important than the composition of the rock.

58. Chapter 4 2. Based on the passage, what can the reader conclude?
Standardized Test Preparation
2. Based on the passage, what can the reader conclude?
F Marble is a sedimentary rock.
G Limestone is created by sediments deposited in warm ocean or lake environments.
H Marble is a rock that is made when sandstone has undergone metamorphism.
I In identifying a rock, the texture of a rock is more important than the composition of the rock.

59. Chapter 4 3. What is the main idea of the passage?
Standardized Test Preparation
3. What is the main idea of the passage?
A Scientists believe marble is the most important rock type to study.
B Scientists study the composition and texture of a rock to determine how the rock formed and what happened after it formed.
C Some sediments are deposited in warm oceans and lakes.
D When limestone undergoes metamorphism, it creates marble.

60. Chapter 4 3. What is the main idea of the passage?
Standardized Test Preparation
3. What is the main idea of the passage?
A Scientists believe marble is the most important rock type to study.
B Scientists study the composition and texture of a rock to determine how the rock formed and what happened after it formed.
C Some sediments are deposited in warm oceans and lakes.
D When limestone undergoes metamorphism, it creates marble.

61. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2 Fulgurites are a rare type of natural glass found in areas that have quartz-rich sediments, such as beaches and deserts. A tubular fulgurite forms when a lightning bolt strikes material such as sand and melts the quartz into a liquid. The liquid quartz cools and solidifies quickly, and a thin, glassy tube is left behind. Fulgurites usually have a rough outer surface and a smooth inner surface.
Continued on the next slide

62. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
Passage 2, continued Underground, a fulgurite may be shaped like the roots of a tree. The fulgurite branches out with many arms that trace the zigzag path of the lightning bolt. Some fulgurites are as short as your little finger, but others stretch 20 m into the ground.

63. Chapter 4 1. In the passage, what does the word tubular mean?
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In the passage, what does the word tubular mean?
A flat and sharp
B round and long
C funnel shaped
D pyramid shaped

64. Chapter 4 1. In the passage, what does the word tubular mean?
Standardized Test Preparation
1. In the passage, what does the word tubular mean?
A flat and sharp
B round and long
C funnel shaped
D pyramid shaped

65. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
2. From the information in the passage, what can the reader conclude?
F Fulgurites are formed above ground.
G Sand contains a large amount of quartz.
H Fulgurites are most often very small.
I Fulgurites are easy to find in sandy places.

66. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
2. From the information in the passage, what can the reader conclude?
F Fulgurites are formed above ground.
G Sand contains a large amount of quartz.
H Fulgurites are most often very small.
I Fulgurites are easy to find in sandy places.

67. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following statements best describes a fulgurite?
A Fulgurites are frozen lightning bolts.
B Fulgurites are rootlike rocks.
C Fulgurites are glassy tubes found in deserts.
D Fulgurites are natural glass tubes formed by lightning bolts.

68. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following statements best describes a fulgurite?
A Fulgurites are frozen lightning bolts.
B Fulgurites are rootlike rocks.
C Fulgurites are glassy tubes found in deserts.
D Fulgurites are natural glass tubes formed by lightning bolts.

69. Interpreting Graphics
Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
Interpreting Graphics
Use the diagram below to answer the questions that follow.

70. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
1. According to the rock cycle diagram, which of the following statements is true?
A Only sedimentary rock gets weathered and eroded.
B Sedimentary rocks are made from metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rock fragments and minerals.
C Heat and pressure create igneous rocks.
D Metamorphic rocks are created by melting and cooling.

71. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
1. According to the rock cycle diagram, which of the following statements is true?
A Only sedimentary rock gets weathered and eroded.
B Sedimentary rocks are made from metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rock fragments and minerals.
C Heat and pressure create igneous rocks.
D Metamorphic rocks are created by melting and cooling.

72. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
2. A rock exists at the surface of the Earth. What would be the next step in the rock cycle?
F cooling
G weathering
H melting
I metamorphism

73. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
2. A rock exists at the surface of the Earth. What would be the next step in the rock cycle?
F cooling
G weathering
H melting
I metamorphism

74. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following processes brings rocks to Earth’s surface, where they can be eroded?
A burial
B deposition
C uplift
D weathering

75. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
3. Which of the following processes brings rocks to Earth’s surface, where they can be eroded?
A burial
B deposition
C uplift
D weathering

76. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation

77. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
4. Which of the following is the best summary of the rock cycle?
F Each type of rock gets melted. Then the magma turns into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.
G Magma cools to form igneous rock. Then, the igneous rock becomes sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock is heated and forms metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rock melts to form magma.
Choices continued on next slide

78. Chapter 4 Continued from previous slide
Standardized Test Preparation
Continued from previous slide
H All three rock types weather to create sedimentary rock. All three rock types melt to form magma. Magma forms igneous rock. All three types of rock form metamorphic rock because of heat and pressure.
I Igneous rock is weathered to create sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock is melted to form igneous rock. Metamorphic rock is weathered to form igneous rock.

79. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
4. Which of the following is the best summary of the rock cycle?
F Each type of rock gets melted. Then the magma turns into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.
G Magma cools to form igneous rock. Then, the igneous rock becomes sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock is heated and forms metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rock melts to form magma.
Choices continued on next slide

80. Chapter 4 Continued from previous slide
Standardized Test Preparation
Continued from previous slide
H All three rock types weather to create sedimentary rock. All three rock types melt to form magma. Magma forms igneous rock. All three types of rock form metamorphic rock because of heat and pressure.
I Igneous rock is weathered to create sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock is melted to form igneous rock. Metamorphic rock is weathered to form igneous rock.

81. Chapter 4 Math Read each question, and choose the best answer.
Standardized Test Preparation
Math
Read each question, and choose the best answer.

82. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Eric has 25 rocks he has collected as a science project for class. Nine rocks are sedimentary, 10 are igneous, and 6 are metamorphic. If Eric chooses a rock at random, what is the probability that he will choose an igneous rock?
A 1/2
B 2/5
C 3/8
D 1/15

83. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
1. Eric has 25 rocks he has collected as a science project for class. Nine rocks are sedimentary, 10 are igneous, and 6 are metamorphic. If Eric chooses a rock at random, what is the probability that he will choose an igneous rock?
A 1/2
B 2/5
C 3/8
D 1/15

84. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
2. At a mineral and fossil show, Elizabeth bought two quartz crystals that cost $2.00 each and four trilobite fossils that cost $3.50 each. Which equation can be used to describe c, the total cost of her purchase?
F c  (2  4)  (2.00  3.50)
G c  (2  2.00)  (4  3.50)
H c  (4  2.00)  (2  3.50)
I c  (2  2.00)  (4  3.50)

85. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation
2. At a mineral and fossil show, Elizabeth bought two quartz crystals that cost $2.00 each and four trilobite fossils that cost $3.50 each. Which equation can be used to describe c, the total cost of her purchase?
F c  (2  4)  (2.00  3.50)
G c  (2  2.00)  (4  3.50)
H c  (4  2.00)  (2  3.50)
I c  (2  2.00)  (4  3.50)

86. Chapter 4 Section 3 Sedimentary Rock
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87. Chapter 4
Standardized Test Preparation

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