1. Mango Production Prof. Dr. Mohamed S.S. El-Boray
Head of Pomology Dept.
Fac. Of Agric., Mansoura Univ.

2. Common Names: Mango, Mangot, Manga, Mangou.
Family Anacardiaceae
Genus Mangifera
Species indica
Common Names: Mango, Mangot, Manga, Mangou.  

3. References 1
Crane and Campbell (1994). The Mango. Univ. Florida, IFAS, Fact Sheet HS-2. 2
Pernezny and Marlatt (1993. Common diseases of Mango in Florida. Univ. Florida, IFAS, PP-23.

4. Mango has been cultivated in India for 4,000 years
10th century?
1861 BC
1800s - Spanish
16th century
Common mango from Bangladesh, NE India (in the evergreen tracts of the valley of Assam), and in Myanmar
Probably domesticated several millenia ago in India
Two centers of domestication
1. Monembryonic - from India
2. Polyembryonic - “Saigon” area = Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, southern Vietnam, Myanmar, other parts of IndoChina
p37-40, The Mango, Litz (ed.), 1997
Portuguese

5. Table 1. . Worldwide mango availability
Exporting
country
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador
Guatemala
Haiti
India
Israel
Ivory coast
Mexico
Nicaragua
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
South Africa
USA
Venezuela
Egypt

6. Tropical Fruit Production
Banana
Mango
Papaya
(1000’s MT)
5.878 (1000’s MT)
FAOSTAT database,

7. Mango Production in the World
FAOSTAT database,

8. World Production of Mango (1000 MT)
Africa
Americas
Asia
Total 9%
2.556
12%
3.490
79%
22.684
28.730
FAOSTAT database,

9. World Production of Mango
Africa
Nigeria (730), Egypt (317), Madagascar (210), Congo (209)
Total
(1000 MT)
Asia
India (11,100), China (3,276), Thailand (1,678),
Pakistan (1,021), Philippines (873), Indonesia (854)
America
Mexico (1,517), Brazil (621),
Haiti (253
FAOSTAT database,

10. Mango Per Capita Production in the World
FAOSTAT database,

11. World Yields of Mango (MT/ha)
Africa 7.2
Asia 8.0
Americas 9.5
FAOSTAT database,

12. Mango Yield in the World
FAOSTAT database,

13. Vegetative Structure Tree Large trees, 9 to up to 30 m
Canopy trees of Tropical Forests
Trees dispersed in wild
Deep tap root
Long-lived (300 years old) 3

14. Vegetative Structure Leaves The leaves are simple.
The length and breadth varies from 12 to 45 cm and 2 to 12 cm, respectively.
Leathery in texture. 3

15. Vegetative Structure Roots
Effective root system of an 18 year old mango tree may observe a 1.2 m depth with lateral spread as far as 7.5 m. 3

16. Flowers Inflorescence - Flowers
Terminal panicles
Up to 4,000 flowers
Flowers
Most male
Few hermaphroditic
Insect pollinated
Flies, thrips
Ability to set fruit related to # hermaphroditic flowers
Flower over 4-6 weeks 4

17. Flowers Small amounts of pollen are produced in mango.
the mango is self-fertile but cross-pollination increases fruit set. 4

18. Alexander, 1986. The Mango in Australia, CSIRO.
Flowers
Alexander, The Mango in Australia, CSIRO. 4

19. Only a few fruit set per panicle
Drupes

20. Fruits The fruit is a, fleshy drupe.
It varies considerably in size, shape, colour, presence of fibre, flavour, taste and several other characters. 4

21. Health benefits and Economic Importance: 1
Mangos are rich in vitamins A, B and C and potassium. 2
Mangos are a good for our daily diets. 3
Mangos are high in fibre but low in calories 4
Used in making baby foods. 5
Bark used as fuel

22. Adaptation Temperature Limitations
- Flowers/fruit killed below 4 C
- Cool temp (5 C) during flowering decrease set
- Below -1 C damage young trees
- Below -3 C damage established trees
Very high temperatures may cause fruit sun burning
Best growth between C

23. Adaptation Excessive rains during flowering Reduce fruit set
Adapted to areas
with distinct
dry season
Anthracnose
Bacterial black
spot
Fruit flies
Excessive rain
during fruiting
For good floral
initiation a dry
period of 3-4
months desirable
Best production
in dry areas
with irrigation
For good floral
initiation a dry
period of 3-4
months desirable
Best production
in dry areas
with irrigation
For good floral
initiation a dry
period of 3-4
months desirable
Best production
in dry areas
with irrigation

24. Adaptation Best soils Sensitive to saline and sodic soils
- Deep, well drained, fertile, loam, high OM
- pH 6.0 to 7.0
Sensitive to saline and sodic soils

25. Adaptation Poor pollination, flower/fruit drop if dry wind - Leaf rub
Windbreaks used to minimize wind damage such as:-
- Limb breakage
Poor pollination,
flower/fruit drop if dry wind
- Leaf rub

26. Dietary value, per 100 gram edible portion:
Water (%) Calories Protein (%) Fat (%) Carbohydrates (%) Crude Fiber (%)
Vitamin A (IU) Thiamin, B1 (mg) Riboflavin, B2 (mg) Niacin (mg) Vitamic C (mg) Calcium (mg) Phosphorus (mg) Iron (mg) Sodium (mg) Potassium (mg)

27. Indian Type Highly colored fruit Susceptible to
Many with red blush
Yellow to orange ground color
Susceptible to
Anthracnose
Mildew
Strong flavor (hints of turpentine)
Monoembryonic

28. Indochinese Type Poorly colored Resistant Fruit shape
Pale green/yellow
No red blush
Resistant
Anthracnose
Mildew
Fruit shape
Often cylindrical or flattened
Lack strong aromatic flavors
Most are less acidic
Polyembryonic

29. Mono vs Poly Embryonic
Alexander, The Mango in Australia, CSIRO.

30. Propagation

31. Mono vs Poly Embryonic Polyembryonic Monoembryonic IndoChinese race
Indian race
Sexual
Variable from seed
Breeding implications
Polyembryonic
IndoChinese race
Asexual
True from seed
Zygotic is suppressed
Alexander, The Mango in Australia, CSIRO.

32. Florida developed Mango Varieties Indian Types with Red Blush First Important Commercial Variety in Florida
Haden
Mulgoba
Seedling selections
Capt. Haden
Coconut Grove,FL
1910
Thick skin
Dominated the Florida for 25 years
Replaced
S to anthracnose
Inconsistent production
Internal breakdown
June to July

33. Florida developed Mango Varieties Indian Types with Red Blush Two Main Mango Varieties in Florida
Keitt
Tommy Atkins
Seedling selections
Discoverer’s name
Made in Florida
1920s and 1939
Thick skins
Ship well
Some R to anthracnose
Productive
June to July
August to early October

34. Florida developed Mango Varieties Indian Types with Red Blush Used Commercially throughout the Americas
Keitt
Haden
Kent
Tommy Atkins
June to July
June to July
July to August
August to early October
Susceptible to Anthracnose

35. Asia Uses Different Varieties
Mulgoba
Carabao
Manila
Nam Doc Mai
Thailand
India ??
Philippines
Varieties from SE Asia are frequently longer and flatter than Indian types

36. Propagation Seed:- Vegetative - Monoembryonic varieties:-
Viable for 80 – 100
days
Cultivate as soon as
possible
- Rootstocks
Scions if
polyembryonic
Vegetative - Monoembryonic varieties:-
- Approach Grafting
- 4 years to full production

37. Production Pruning varies Spacing 10 x 10 M Standard trees
6 x 6 M Dwarf trees
Pruning varies
Open center with frequent tipping to induce more terminals

38. Fertilization Zn deficiency corrected with Zinc sulphate Heavy N
application can
cause Soft Nose
Corrected with
Soil application
of CaNO3,
CaSO4,
CaCO3
Mango can usually absorb adequate nutrients from fertile soil

39. Forcing Flowering
Cessation of vegetative growth needed to induce vegetative to reproductive transformation
- Water stress
- Cold period
Induction of early flowering
Reduce irrigation to
induce water stress
- Foliar applications of
- KNO3 (2 - 8%, 1 or
2 times)
- NH4NO3 (1-4%, 1
or 2 times)

40. Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloesporioides
Most important disease in Florida
Attacks
Fowers, young fruits
Leaves, young twigs
Black sunken irregular lesions
Causing leaf spotting
Fruit staining
Fruit rot.

41. Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloesporioides
Most important disease in Florida
Attacks
Flowers, young fruits
Leaves, young twigs
Black sunken irregular lesions
Causing leaf spotting
Fruit staining
Fruit rot

42. Anthracnose Spread and Control
Spread by rains
Controlled by weekly Cu sprays
- From panicle appearance until fruit
set.
- Follow with mid May & mid June Cu
sprays until harvest .

43. Harvesting - by hand First harvest in 4th year
- Remove fruit first 3 years
- Fruit set < 1%
Fruit development period
days
Harvest over 6-8 week period
- Bloom over 6-8 week period

44. Harvesting N latitudes - begins in April Pole harvesting
Peak in summer months
Pole harvesting
Water bath for latex

45. Marketing Perishable - Quality problem - Necessity to harvest immature
- Need more rapid shipping
- Lowest storage temperature 12 C
- Below 10 C chilling injury
Heat treatment for fruit flies

46. Any Questions about Mango?

47. Thank You !