1. NORM Training Shauna Landsberger MSPH Graham George, President
Enviroklean Product Development Inc, (EPDI),Houston, Texas

2. Outline NORM and TENORM in Oil Field Texas State Regulations
Worker Safety Training
Training Health Risks of working with NORM
Obstacles of Working in the Oil and Gas Field
Continuing Education in the Oil Field

3. NORM and TENORM in the Oil Field
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) or Technically Enhanced Natural Occurring Radioactive Material (TENORM)

4. Geological Information
Uranium and Thorium collect between layers of sandstones.
Hydrocarbons collect in “traps” made by faults and shales.

5. Geological Information
238U and 232Th are naturally present in the Earth’s crust and mantle.
They are found in small amounts and are not significant components in most minerals
Geological Locations
Shales tend to absorb radionuclides and act as traps for hydrocarbons.
Deposits can be located at the boundaries of sandstone layers.

6. Geological Information
Decay products of 238U and 232Th are 226Ra (t1/2 = 1630 years) and 228Ra (t1/2 = 5.8 years), respectively
238U and 232Th are insoluble and usually remain in place in the formation.
226Ra and 228Ra are more soluble than their parents and are mobilized by liquid
Uranium, Thorium, and Radium “have an affinity for crude oil”

7. Oil and Gas Wells
Arial distribution in the continuous United States producing oil and gas wells through 1994.
(US Department of the Interior, 1999)

8. Oil and Gas Wells Three phases of oil and gas wells will be discussed.
Drilling and Workover Operations
Production
Abandonment

9. How Norm Is Brought to the Surface
NORM is brought up to the surface by the transport of gas and oil products
Produced water
Drilling mud and sludge
Evaporation ponds and pits

10. Drilling and Workover Operations
Drilling mud (a liquid used to lubricate the bit, bring cuttings to the surface, and hold back the formation) also come in contact with NORM and can be contaminated.

11. Pipes with Radioactive Scale in the Oil Field

12. Formation of Radioactive Scale in Pipes

14. Formation of Radioactive Sludge in Production Equipment

15. Abandonment Wells may be abandoned for a variety of reasons:
The well is lost due to catastrophic equipment failure.
Drilling complications do not allow the desired producing zones to be accessed.
The well is producing too much water.
It is no longer economically feasible to continue operations.

16. West Texas Oil and Gas Field

17. NORM Regulations
NORM is regulated by state organizations rather than federal organization
Texas has two organizations in charge of NORM regulations in Texas
Rail Road Commission (RRC)
Regulates disposal of oil and gas NORM
Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS)
Regulates NORM contaminated substances such as soil and equipment.
Set regulations for storage, transportation and commercial distribution of the products from oil and gas drilling including produced water

18. Who Can Benefit from NORM Training
Employees working with NORM
Either with decontamination or maintenance of equipment in the oil and gas field
Employees of Oil and Gas Companies
Anyone from a field worker to an executive

19. Worker Safety Training
Job Site Safety
Emergency Preparedness
Personal Protective Equipment
Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)

20. Job Site Safety
Job site safety is an important concept to teach in the class and field
It is ultimately the responsibility of the RSO on site to make sure that company protocols and safety measures are taken into effect
It is also important for all employees to know the basic safety measures before starting work on a job site

21. Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)
Radiation Safety Officer is responsible for the day to day safety measures and on the job site training while in the field
They are in charge of a safety meeting each day on the job site before work can start
In charge of “frisking out” each employee as they leave the job site

22. Job Site Safety

23. Emergency Preparedness
Teaching emergency procedures of the company is important
During the class each person should know the basic emergency procedures that happen on job site
Once on the job site the emergency procedures will be reinforced and shown where the emergency equipment is such as shower, eye wash, phone numbers, map to nearest emergency room

25. Stressing the Importance of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
All workers must wear PPE while on job site
This must be stressed during the class and everyday while in the field
PPE can include:
Gloves, fire retardant clothing, hard hat, safety glasses, steel toed boots, mask, self contained breathing apparatus, H2S monitor, TLD badge

26. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

27. Teaching Health Risks from NORM Exposure
It is important to stress the importance of health effects when working with NORM both to the worker and the general public
The radionuclides that pose the most risk in the oil and gas field are Ra-226, Ra-228, Rn-222 and
Pb-210
More detail on the specific side effects is reinforced

28. Teaching Health Risks from NORM Exposure
It is vital to stress that if all the safety measures and precautions talked about during the course reduce the risk of the health effects from working with NORM
The goal is for the employees to know there is risk involved in working with NORM but they have ways to reduce the risk
“Frisking Out” is also revisited during this part of the course

29. Obstacles of Training in Texas Oil and Gas Field
English may not be the first language of the participants in the class
There is a variety of educations levels
Which means teaching to all levels of education
It is critical to go over the basics of radiation including basic chemistry

30. Over All Goals

31. Continuous Education
It is important that the workers are continuing to be reinforced with the key points they learned during the training
On the job site training is important and new jobs and situations come up
It is also important to keep up with any changing laws or regulations from state government agencies

32. Thank You for Your Time Any Questions?