1. Technology Education MCAS Review 2014

2. When choosing a material to make a product you must be sure that -
the material has the correct PROPERTIES & CHARACTERISTICS
Property/Characteristic:
a distinctive or distinguishing feature or quality
Is the material:
- soft or hard - flexible or non-flexible - clear or hard to see through - does it conduct electricity

3. Mechanical Properties
How a material reacts when a force is applied to it
Strength:
Ability to withstand forces such as tension & compression
Elasticity:
Ability to stretch out of shape & return to the original shape
Hardness:
Ability to withstand scratches, dents & cuts
Fatigue:
Ability to withstand bending & flexing

4. Metal Wood Plastic Wood is an organic and renewable material
Wood can be used for
Furniture, Fuel & Paper
Plastic
Plastic is a Synthetic Material: Man made - Not found in nature
Most plastics are made from petroleum
Plastic is formed into products using heat & pressure
Metal
Metal is an inorganic material
Mined from natural rock deposits
Metal can be processed into many different shapes 4

5. Paper Ceramics Adhesives
Created by combining and bonding fibers
Most common source of these fibers is wood pulp
Ceramics
Made from inorganic, mostly nonmetallic minerals such as clay, sand or quartz
High temperatures are used to fuse these minerals into useful products
Adhesives
Adhesives chemically attach two or more surfaces together 5

6. Composites
Created by combining two or more materials to form a new material This material is better than the original materials would have been on their own
Composites have become a popular material for sports equipment because they are lightweight & durable
Solvents
Substances that are capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other substances
The most common solvent in every day life is:
Water 6

7. Instruments that increase ability to do work
Tools
Instruments that increase ability to do work
Hand Tools:
Tools powered by human muscle
Measuring Tools:
Used to identify size, shape, weight, distance, density or volume
Standard: 1
Central Concept: Appropriate materials, tools & machines enable us to solve problems, invent & construct
Strand: Identify and explain appropriate measuring tools, hand tools & power tools used to hold, lift, carry, fasten & separate. Explain their safe & proper use
Strand: Identify & explain the safe & proper use of measuring tools, hand tools & machines (e.g., band saw, drill press, sander, hammer, screwdriver, pliers, tape measure, screws, nails & other mechanical fasteners) needed to construct a prototype of an engineering design) 7

8. Tools powered by electricity
Holding Devices:
Protects the person and their work piece from being injured or damaged when cutting, bending, drilling or hammering
Power Tools:
Tools powered by electricity 8

9. Tool Safety Rules Wear eye protection Wear ear protection
Wear steel-toed boots
Wear heat resistant gloves when working with hot materials
Do not wear clothing that may get caught in spinning equipment - Roll up sleeves
Keep fingers away from moving parts of machinery
Always cut away from yourself
Do not use tools to perform a job that it was not intended for
Use only tools that you have been instructed how to use properly 9

10. Tool Safety Rules Never walk away from a running machine
Concentrate on task when using equipment
Do not work alone
Make sure the area is clear before you start a machine
Do not use broken tools or equipment
Do not use dull tools
Observe and follow safety signs and warnings
RED
DANGER
YELLOW
CAUTION 10

11. Engineering Design Process
People that create technology follow this series of 8 steps

12. Engineering Design Process
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Brainstorm & list
Identify the need or problem
Research the need or problem
Develop possible solution(s)
What is the current state of the issue and current solutions?
Step 4
Which solutions best solve original problem?
Step 8
Modify solution based on info from presentation & tests
Select best possible solution(s)
Redesign (if necessary)
Does it work? How do you know?
Step 7
Step 6
Step 5
Model solution in 2 or 3 dimensions
Construct a prototype
Test & evaluate solution(s)
Communicate the solution(s)
Make an engineering presentation that demonstrates how solution solves the original problem

13. Universal System Model of Technology
Input
Process
Output
Goal:
What you want the system to do
Resources: (7)
The result that comes out of the system
The steps that lead to a result
People, tools & machines, information, time, capital, energy, materials
Comparing the result to the original goal; adjustments are made to the inputs and/or processes
Feedback

14. The most important resource (or input) for any technology is
People
Why????????
Without PEOPLE there would be no technology 14

15. Components of a Communication System
Source
Where the information begins / where the signal is sent from Examples: voice or image
Encoder
Changes the information (message) into code so it can be sent (transmitted)
Transmitter
Sends the encoded message over a channel
Channel
Channel:
The medium or link through which a signal is sent from the transmitter to the receiver Examples: wire cables, fiber-optic cables, wireless wave communication
Receiver
Takes in the encoded message sent through the channel by the transmitter
Decoder
Translates the encoded message into useful information so that it can be understood

16. Components of a Communication System
Many communication systems often have 2 additional components that allow information to be saved so that it can be accessed when needed
Storage:
Message is saved for later use
Retrieval:
Message is recalled when needed
Examples:
Voic / Telephone answering machine
iPods / MP3 Players / Cameras
Books / Notebooks
CDs / DVDs / Blu-rays
Video Games
Computer hard drives / Flash drives

17. Icons & Symbols Icon/Symbol:
A picture or image that is used to represent something else
Allows people to communicate without using words 17

18. Comparison of Custom Manufacturing & Mass Production
Process of converting raw materials into physical goods (products)
Comparison of Custom Manufacturing & Mass Production
Custom Manufacturing
Mass Production
Usually made in limited numbers
Same item produced many times
Made exactly as the person it is being made for wants it
Not made exactly how a person wants it
Made from start to finish by same worker (or small group of workers)
Workers only work on one part of the product
Worker(s) is/are usually a skilled craftsmen
Product is often machine made

19. Custom Manufacturing Advantages & Disadvantages
You can get the product exactly how you want it
Usually has a higher cost
Product is unique – no one has exactly the same one
Product takes longer to make
Product is not easily replaceable
Mass Production Advantages & Disadvantages
Mass Production
Advantages
Disadvantages
Product can be made quickly
Will not be made exactly how you want it
Product can be made at a lower cost
Product will not be unique

20. One of the first products to be mass produced was…
Mass Production
One of the first products to be mass produced was…
The Automobile 20

21. Henry Ford’s 4 Main Principles of Mass Production
Reduction of Wasted Effort:
Henry Ford’s goal was to have his cars produced by workers without wasting time & effort

22. Henry Ford’s 4 Main Principles of Mass Production
Interchangeable Parts:
Ford’s idea was to use a single part in as many different places in the car as possible to reduce cost
Continuous Flow:
Car was constantly moving through assembly stations while the workers stayed in one place
Division of Labor:
Workers were specialized & focused on one task when building car

23. Henry Ford’s 4 Main Principles of Mass Production
Interchangeable Parts
Continuous Flow
Reduction of Wasted Effort
Division of Labor

24. Manufacturing Organizations
Groups of people or departments are responsible for specific parts of the manufacturing process
In many companies the overall process is led by the CEO (Chief Executive Officer)
CEO works with other leaders in the company to make sure that quality products are made and sold
Marketing:
Makes sure company understands wants & needs of customer Helps determine what types of products should be made 24

25. Research & Development:
Researches & develops plan to make product after consulting with Marketing Meets with others department leaders to get plan for product approved
Production:
After the idea has been approved, this department mass produces the product
Quality Control:
Makes sure the product meets the appropriate standards when being produced 25

26. Transports the product to where consumers can purchase
Safety:
Trains workers & designs work areas to make sure that the workers are safe
Sales:
Sells the product (can sell directly to the public but usually they sell to companies that sell to the public )
Distribution:
Transports the product to where consumers can purchase 26

27. Robots
Manufacturing companies have found robots to be very useful even though they are expensive 27

28. Robots Do jobs that are dangerous, boring or unpleasant for people
Take their instructions from a computer that has been programmed by a human
Can be programmed to do different tasks 28

29. Steps taken to convert raw materials into products
Production Processes
Steps taken to convert raw materials into products
Process
Raw Material
Product

30. Removing pieces of material to make it the size & shape you want
Separating:
Removing pieces of material to make it the size & shape you want
Sawing:
Cutting the object to make it the size you want
Drilling:
Makes a hole
Turning:
Shaping metal or wood dowels 30

31. Shaping metal by heating it and then hammering it back into shape
Forming:
Changing the shape of the material – no material is added or taken away
Bending:
Material is shaped by forcing part of it into a different position - metal & wood
Casting:
Liquid material is poured into a mold, it takes on the shape of the mold as it hardens - metal, glass, plastic or clay
Forging:
Shaping metal by heating it and then hammering it back into shape 31

32. Softened material is squeezed through a small opening (pipe & wire)
Extruding:
Softened material is squeezed through a small opening (pipe & wire)
Combining:
Joining materials together to make finished product
Mechanical Fastening:
Using small piece of metal or plastic to hold parts together (Nails, screws, staples, nuts & bolts, rivets, etc.) 32

33. Joining materials together to make finished product
Combining:
Joining materials together to make finished product
Mechanical Fastening:
Using small piece of metal or plastic to hold parts together (Nails, screws, staples, nuts & bolts, rivets, etc.)
Heat Fastening:
Heating materials so that they soften & flow into each other (Welding & Soldering) 33

34. Holds things together without a separate fastener (CD Case)
Snap Joint Fastening:
Holds things together without a separate fastener (CD Case)
Gluing:
Using adhesive to stick parts together 34

35. Paints, clear finishes or plastic
Finishing:
The last step in making a product - used to improve it’s appearance and/or performance
Smoothing:
To make flat
Coatings:
Paints, clear finishes or plastic
Polishing:
To make glossy 35

36. House Construction
A House…
Provides people with shelter & storage 36

37. First layer of flooring nailed to the floor joists
Foundation:
The part of the house that rests on the ground and supports the upper structure
All buildings require a solid foundation or the building cannot be constructed properly
Subfloor:
First layer of flooring nailed to the floor joists
Usually sheets of plywood 37

38. Pieces of lumber, usually 2 x 4’s, used for the framework of walls
Wall Studs:
Pieces of lumber, usually 2 x 4’s, used for the framework of walls
Sheathing:
Nailed to wall framework to enclose structure on the outside. Made of plywood or particleboard 38

39. Keeps precipitation out
Roof:
Keeps precipitation out
Stabilizes the walls
Roof Decking:
Sheets of lumber (usually plywood) nailed to the outside of the rafters (or trusses)
Roof Shingles:
Asphalt Shingles are nailed to the roof decking over a layer of heavy asphalt paper – Shingles weatherproof the roof 39

40. Cross Section View of House
If you want to remove a wall in a house you must make sure that it is not a WEIGHT BEARING wall

41. Material used to keep heat or cold from leaving or entering a building
Siding:
Put on the outside for protection from the weather - attached to sheathing - made of wood, metal, brick, vinyl, etc.
Insulation:
Material used to keep heat or cold from leaving or entering a building
Most popular form is fiberglass
Rolls made to fit between floor joists, ceiling joists and wall studs 41

42. Drywall:
Inside covering of walls and ceilings, made from plaster and sturdy paper (commonly referred to as Sheetrock)
Sheets are screwed to the walls and ceilings - cracks & screws are covered with tape & spackling (joint compound) 42

43. A force acting across any beam or structural element
Bridge:
A structure built to span a physical obstacle such as a road, valley, railroad track, river, or any other body of water
Forces Upon Bridges
Compression
A force that pushes
Tension
A force that pulls
Torsion
A force that twists
Shear
A force acting across any beam or structural element
Bending
Behavior of a structural element subjected to an external load applied to it 43

44. Beam Bridge Most common type of bridge
Oldest type of bridge (log over stream)
Commonly used on roadways that cross over highways or other roads
Can span distances up to 250 feet
Frequently supported by piers partway along the span because of the heavy weight of the beam 44

45. Arch Bridge
First Arch Bridges were made of wedge shaped stones locked in a curve (Keystone)
Arch bridges distribute weight sideways and down around the curve 45

46. Suspension Bridge Used to cross very wide spans (2000 - 7000 ft)
Bridge is suspended (hangs) from large vertical cables 46

47. Transportation Technology
Systems & devices that move goods & people from one place to another across or through Land, Air, Water & Space
Land Transportation:
Travel over land in a car, bus, train, bicycle, motorcycle, subway, etc.

48. Automobile:
Used for personal land transportation
Mass Transportation:
Moves many people at one time and is available to the general public
Mass transportation is sometimes slower & less convenient than personal transportation but it is cheaper

49. Trucks:
Move much of our country’s freight
Trains:
Railroads earn most of their money by hauling freight - they are used to deliver bulky goods
Trains also carry passengers
Operated by AMTRAK - intercity passenger railroad
In the US trains carry less than 1% of all intercity passengers

50. High Speed Trains:
All-electric
Travel at mph
Maglev Trains:
Magnetic levitation - doesn’t touch the ground - no wheels
Propelled by magnets
Floats 1 inch above it’s track - produces very little vibration & are very quiet
Expensive - so only a few experimental guide ways have been built in the US

51. Water Transportation:
Water has provided transportation routes for centuries
Passenger ships/boats transport people
Cargo ships transport things (oil, grain, iron ore, automobiles, etc.)
Ships deliver most of the overseas cargo leaving or entering the US
Usually the least expensive way to transport goods

52. Airplanes:
Most important part of our air transportation system
Because many planes are in the air at one time - air travel is our most complex transportation system
Some planes carry only cargo
Cannot carry as much cargo as a ship or train
Air transportation is very expensive

53. Helicopters:
Aircraft with one or two rotors that allow it to lift straight up

54. Space Transportation:
Space vehicles take us beyond the earth
NASA is responsible for regulating and directing the entire US space program
Currently consists of unmanned vehicles for exploration

55. Automobile Subsystems:
When all subsystems work together the car functions properly
Propulsion:
Engine
Structure and support:
Frame
Transfers power from the engine to the axles and wheels:
Transmission
Guidance:
Steering
Suspension:
Springs & shock absorbers
Control:
Brakes & Steering
Navigation:
GPS

56. Transportation Systems
Have inputs, process, outputs & feedback
Universal Systems Model of a City Bus System
Inputs:
Goal (Safe arrival at scheduled stops), Buses, people to operate buses, fuel to provide energy, schedules, passengers
Process:
Loading passengers, driving the bus
Output:
Safe arrival at scheduled stops
Feedback:
Comments from satisfied customers

57. Aerodynamics
The study of the motion of the air when it interacts with a moving object
Standard: 1
Central Concept: Appropriate materials, tools & machines enable us to solve problems, invent & construct
Strand: Given a design task, identify appropriate materials (e.g., wood, paper, plastic, aggregates, ceramics, metals, solvents, adhesives) based on specific properties and characteristics (e.g., strength, hardness & flexibility)

58. For the plane to fly, it’s LIFT must be greater than it’s WEIGHT
Drag:
Force:
A push or pull in a specific direction
Force that opposes (tries to stop) the plane’s motion through the air
Lift:
Force created by a solid object (plane) moving through a fluid (air)
Weight:
Thrust:
Force caused by the gravitational attraction of the Earth on the plane
Force created by the engines that move the plane through the air
For the plane to fly, it’s LIFT must be greater than it’s
WEIGHT

59. The shape of the airplane’s wings is what creates the LIFT that makes the airplane fly
The curved surface of the top of the wing means that there is less friction so the air moves faster - this means that there is less pressure over the wing
The flat surface of the bottom of the wing means that there is more friction so the air moves slower - this means that there is more pressure under the wing

60. Forces on a Race Car
Spoiler: Reduces Lift (opposite of the wings of an airplane)
Drag:
Force that opposes (tries to stop) the car’s motion through the air
Drag
Thrust
Weight:
Force caused by the gravitational attraction of the Earth on the car
Thrust:
Force created by the engine to move the car through the air

61. Bioengineering Technology:
Technology that is used to analyze & solve problems related to human health
Considered the fastest growing technology today
Adaptive & Assistive Devices:
Products that help maintain, increase or improve an ordinary human function
Wheelchairs, Eyeglasses, Contact Lenses, Braces, Artificial Limbs, Bionics

62. Irradiation:
Process in which food is briefly exposed to a source of radiation (x-rays or electron beam). This cooks the food slightly, kills parasites, insects, bacteria & controls molds
Foods have a longer shelf life and are less likely to cause food poisoning
Biofuels:
Fuels made from agricultural products
Reduce our dependency on oil as a source of energy – cleaner
Any plant that produces sugar or starch can be used as a biofuel

63. Integrated Pest Management:
An attempt to reduce dependency on harmful chemical pesticides
Alternative solutions to the pest problem are researched before any chemicals are used
Using other animals as a natural form of pest control
Using strains of crops that are resistant to a particular pest
Chemicals are used as a last resort and are used sparingly