1. Chapter 19 Foreign Policy: Setting a Course of Expansionism
Was American foreign policy during the 1800’s motivated more by realism or idealism?
FOREIGN POLICY = the set of goals, principles and practices that guide a nation in its relations with other countries

2. The Brief History of American Foreign Policy
How is Foreign Policy conducted?
The State Department (led by the Sec. of State) advises the President and carries out the details of U.S. policy
Congress debates and can vote on foreign policy issues
Treaties with other nations do not become legally binding until the Senate approves it by a two-thirds vote
“Tools of the Trade”
Diplomacy and financial aid and the threat of armed force
Realism versus Idealism
Realism: based on our self-interest
If it benefits us, it is good policy
Idealism: promote America’s founding ideals to ensure a better world for ALL not just for us
Democracy, liberty, rights

3. 1796 and George Washington’s Farewell Address
It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.
The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is to have with them as little political connection as possible.
This is known as “isolationism” or “unilateralism”
The United States will “go it alone”
Neutrality protects us from taking sides
Great Britain vs. France in the early days
Realism (economics) vs. Idealism (principles)

4. Defending Neutrality in the War of 1812
Both France and Great Britain seized ships and kidnapped American sailors
Neither respected our neutral rights
James Madison made progress with France but declared war on Britain
Idealism: free trade and our rights
Realism: land (in the West and maybe even Canada)
Treaty of Ghent in 1815 ended the war
No territory was ceded or lost
It was a “tie”

5. Monroe Doctrine
1820’s
Russia threatening to expand in North America
Spain and Britain were colonizing in South/Central America
1823: The Monroe Doctrine states a policy of non-colonization and non- interference in the Western Hemisphere
The American continents are closed to future colonization by any European powers
Monroe Doctrine

6. A History of American Expansion Through Diplomacy
1803: T. Jefferson buys the Louisiana Territory from France for $15,000, (3 cents an acre)
1819: We negotiate for Florida from Spain
1846: Britain signs a treaty dividing the Oregon Territory at the 49th parallel
1867: $7,200,000 for Alaska from Russia

7. A History of American Expansion Through War
1821: Moses Austin establishes a “colony” in Texas which was part of Mexico at the time
The Americans and Mexican government did not get along
Americans held slaves, official documents were in Spanish
1836 Texas declares itself an independent republic, names Sam Houston as commander in chief and revolts against Mexico
Santa Anna recognizes the Lone Star Republic
Statehood in 1845
1846 President Polk goes to war with Mexico over our southern border
Mexican War ends in 1848 (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo)
Mexican Cession
Rio Grande as the southern border of the U.S.
Territory from Texas to California
Realists: Great new territory, secure borders
Idealists: An unjust land grab with no regard for the rights of Mexico

8. The Beginning of Imperialism
Empire Building
Expanding to the West beyond our borders
Across the Pacific Ocean to China and Japan
Hawaii and other islands as “coaling stations”
Protectorates = nations controlled by stronger nations
Moral not just economic empire building
Josiah Strong
Civilize and Christianize
Empire Building through a strong navy
Alfred T. Mahan
World powers need world class navies

9. Differing Viewpoints: Should the U.S. become an imperialist power?
Henry Cabot Lodge (1895)
Carl Schurz (1896)
Small states are of the past and have no future. The modern movement is all toward the concentration of people and territory into great nations and large dominions. The great nations are rapidly absorbing for their future expansion and their present defense all the waste places of the earth.
In its dealings with other nations, the United States should have scrupulous regard, not only for their rights, but also for their self-respect…It should seek to influence mankind, not by heavy artillery, but by good example and wise counsel. It should see its highest glory, not in battles won, but in wars prevented.

10. Uncle Sam and People from His Colonies, Postcard, ca. 1900

12. Chapter 20 The Spanish-American War
Why did the United States go to war against Spain in 1898 and why was the outcome significant?

13. Trouble in Cuba One of only two remaining Spanish colonies
Much American investment in sugar plantations amid political instability
Two previous rebellions for independence had failed
Valeriano Weyler was sent to put down the rebellions
Created prison camps (“reconcentration camps”)
Thousands die in overcrowded, unsanitary, poorly equipped camps
Foreign Policy Realism: we must protect our investments and property
Foreign Policy Idealism: we must help the Cubans realize their noble dream of independence and freedom
President William McKinley hoped to maintain neutrality.

14. Imperialism, The Role of the Media and a Call to War with Spain
Newspapers
Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World versus William Hearst and the New York Journal
Yellow journalism = sensational exaggerated news stories

15. Causes of the Spanish-America War
The DeLome Letter
Enrique Dupuy DeLome: Spanish ambassador in Washington
Describes President McKinley as “weak and catering to the rabble, and, besides, a low politician.”
Outrage and indignation in the United States
“Remember The Maine!!”
February 15, 1898 the American battleship blows up
Probably not a mine, probably not sabotage…remember “yellow journalism”?

16. Congress Declares War!
McKinley hopes for an armistice = cessation of hostilities
Close the camps
Grant Cuba independence
Spain agrees to close the camps, will not grant independence
April 25, 1898
Congress formally declares war on Spain
Teller Amendment
When Cuba is liberated and peace restored, the United States will “leave the government and control of the Island to its people.”

17. A “Splendid Little War” with Spain
First, the Philippines (their other colony)
Emilio Aguinaldo had been fighting against the Spanish there
Commodore Dewey storms Manila Bay
Aguinaldo with American reinforcements takes Manila
Then Cuba
The First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry
The Rough-Riders led by Teddy Roosevelt
After taking San Juan Hill the war went quickly
Peace on August 12
5500 died mostly from disease (malaria and yellow fever)
Poorly equipped, poorly supplied troops (wool uniforms in the tropical jungle!) win America’s first overseas war

19. America on the World Stage
Treaty of Paris 1898
Independence to Cuba
Puerto Rico and Guam ceded to the United States
Philippines to the U.S. with a payment to Spain of $20,000,000
Ratification Debate
Anti-Imperialist League
Imperialism violates the country’s founding principles of freedom and democracy
Supporters of the Treaty
An empire is crucial for the future success of the United States
Platt Amendment
The U.S. is allowed to intervene in Cuban affairs and to buy or lease naval bases there
By 1913, 60% of Cuba’s land was owned and controlled by American business interests

21. Chapter 21: Acquiring and Managing Global Power

22. Three Presidents, Three Foreign Policies: Teddy Roosevelt
National Interests- political, economic, military, and cultural goals that a nation considers important
Roosevelt- “Speak softly and carry a big stick: you will go far”
Big Stick Policy- Roosevelt’s strong arm approach in working quietly and patiently to achieve goals overseas but using force if necessary.
Roosevelt Corollary- a proposition that is a logical extension of the Monroe Doctrine where the United States would act as international police power to preserve peace and order in the western hemisphere and protect American interest.

24. Three Presidents, Three Foreign Policies: Taft and Wilson
Taft continued Roosevelt’s goals and his Big Stick Policy but also started to focus on the economy
Dollar Diplomacy- to encourage and protect trade and investment in Latin American and Asia.
Woodrow Wilson tried to take a moral approach to foreign affairs.
Moral Diplomacy- democratic ideals rather than economic investment or military force.
Self-determination- the right of people of other nations to determine their own government, free of outside influence

25. Panama
The US helped Panama overthrow Columbia in and recognized them as an independent nation.
Panama Canal- The United States build a 51 mile canal which connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans over a ten year time period. The canal opened on August 15th 1914.
The Canal was an engineering feat of the time. Although recently in 1999 the US returned ownership of the canal back to panama.

26. Mexico Revolution in Mexico in 1911- Revolt led by Victoriano Huerta
Wilson and Huerta did not get along
War almost occurred in when Wilson sent troops to Veracruz, a port on the Gulf of Mexico to keep weapons from reaching Huerta’s army. A battle broke out killing 90 Americans and 300 Mexicans. A lot of people opposed Wilson’s actions and the troops were pulled out.
Months later Huerta resigned and Carranza gained power.

27. Puerto Rico
After the Spanish American War the U.S. set up a military government, schools, and a postal service
Puerto Ricans grew frustrated with American rule because they were neither U.S. citizens nor Independent
Jones Act Wilson made Puerto Rico a U.S. territory but still no rights
Puerto Rico remains a U.S. commonwealth- Puerto Rico has control over their laws and finances but decisions on defense and tariffs are in the U.S. hands

28. Philippines
After the Spanish American War Filipino Emilio Aguinaldo called for independence from the U.S.
February 1899, fight broke out between U.S. and Philippines and the U.S. sent hundreds of thousands of soldiers to put down the revolt. After battles the Filipino army was defeated
The U.S. set up a central government and built schools.
The U.S. controlled the Philippines until 1946.

29. Hawaii Ruled by Queen Liliuokalani as a Monarchy
1893- U.S. military forces overthrew the queen and annexed Hawaii, making it part of the United States as a territory in 1900.
Hawaii became a state in 1959, the only one that is not part of North America.

30. China China was a huge nation rich in resources
Spheres of Influence- areas in which a single nation controlled trading rights, many foreign powers did this in china in the late 1890’s
Open Door Policy- a U.S. policy issued in 1899 stating that foreign nations must allow free trade in China, Issued by Sec. of State John Hay
Boxer Rebellion a group in China led a insurrection (rising up to expel the foreign devils from China). Boxers killed thousands of foreigners including Christian Missionaries and Chinese Christians, but the U.S., Japan, and European Powers crushed the uprising.
China remained open to Trade and influence because of Hay and the Open Door Policy.