1. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Chapter 17: Applied Psychology

2. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Industrial-Organizational Psychology (I-O) Applied Psychology: Use of psychological principles and research methods to solve practical problems Industrial-Organizational Psychology (I-O): Focuses on psychology of people at work and in organizations –Typically work in: Testing and placement (Personnel Psychology) Human relations at work

3. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Other Aspects of I-O Psychology Personnel Psychology: Branch of I-O psychology concerned with testing, selection, placement, and promotion Job Analysis: Detained description of skills, knowledge, and activities required by a particular job Critical Incidents: Situations where competent employees must be able to cope Biodata: Detailed biographical information about a job applicant

4. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Psychological Testing Vocational Interest Tests: Paper-and-pencil test that assesses a persons interests and matches them to interests found in successful workers in various occupations –Strong Campbell Interest Inventory is one such example Aptitude Tests: Rate a persons potential to learn skills or tasks used in various occupations

5. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Psychological Testing (cont.) Multimedia Computerized Test: Use computers to present realistic work situations –Police officers will run through various situations where they have to decide whether or not to use force, for example Assessment Centers: Do in-depth evaluations of potential employees; often set up within organizations

6. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Figure 17.2

7. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Psychological Testing (cont.) Situational Judgment Tests: Present difficult but realistic work situations to potential employees in order to rate and evaluate their performance In-Basket Test: Simulates decision making challenges that executives face –Basket full of memos is given to applicant, and applicant must act appropriately as quickly as possible

8. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Groupwork Leaderless Group Discussion: Test of leadership that simulates group decision making and problem solving

9. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Management Theories Scientific Management (Theory X): Approach to managing employees that emphasizes work efficiency –Uses time-and-motion studies, task analysis, and job specialization to increase productivity Work Efficiency: Maximum output at the lowest cost

10. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 More on Management Theories Psychological Efficiency: Maintaining good morale, labor relations, employee satisfaction, and similar aspects of work behavior –Happy workers are productive workers Theory Y: Emphasizes human relations at work; sees people as industrious, responsible, and interested in challenging work

11. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 More Management Strategies Participative Management: Employees at all levels are directly involved in decision making Management by Objectives: Workers are given specific goals to meet so they can know if they are doing a good job Self-Managed Team: Group of employees who work together toward shared goals Quality Circles: Voluntary employee discussion groups that look to improve quality and look for ways to solve business problems

12. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Job Satisfaction and Enrichment Job Satisfaction: Degree to which a person is comfortable and satisfied with his or her work

13. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Factors in Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is highest when (listed in order of importance): –Work is interesting –Enough help and equipment exist to get job done –Enough information to get job done –Enough authority to get job done Note that anything relating to pay is not listed in the top four (pay is ranked fifth)!

14. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Job Enrichment Making a job more personally rewarding, interesting, or intrinsically motivating

15. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 How People Cope with Work Dilemmas Four Basic Coping Styles

16. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Vigilant Most effective; individuals evaluate information objectively and make decisions, clearly understanding alternatives

17. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Complacent Let chance direct their career decisions and tend to be nonchalant, not making plans

18. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Defensive-Avoidant Aware of all risks and opportunities, but are uncomfortable making decisions; thus they tend to procrastinate, rationalize, and make excuses for inaction and indecision

19. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Hypervigilant Panic when forced to make career decisions; making logical decisions is almost impossible for this type

20. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Improving Communication at Work; Effective Communication State your ideas clearly and decisively Do not overuse big words Avoid excessive use of jargon or slang Avoid Loaded Words: Words that have strong emotional meanings should be avoided Use peoples names Be polite

21. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Being a Good Listener Make an honest effort to pay attention Try to Identify the Speakers Purpose: Look for main themes and not isolated facts Suspend evaluation Check your understanding Pay attention to nonverbal messages Accept responsibility for effective communication

22. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Environmental Psychology Concerned with the relationship between environments and human behavior; interested in: –Physical Environments: Natural or constructed –Social Environments: Groups of people, such as a dance, party, or business meeting –Behavioral Settings: Smaller areas within an environment whose use is well defined, e.g., office, casino, classroom, or locker room

23. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Personal Space Area surrounding the body that is defined as private and is subject to personal control

24. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Proxemics Systematic study of human use of personal space, especially in social settings

25. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Four Basic Zones

26. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Intimate Distance Most private space immediately surrounding the body; 18 inches from the skin; reserved for special people or special circumstances

27. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Personal Distance Maintained in interactions with friends; 18 inches to 4 feet from body; arms length

28. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Social Distance Impersonal interaction takes place; 4 to 12 feet

29. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Public Distance Formal interactions take place (like giving a speech); 12 feet or more

30. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Figure 17.3

31. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Territoriality Territorial Behavior: Any behavior that tends to define a space as ones own or that protects it from intruders Territorial Markers: Objects and other signals that signal ownership or control of a particular area –Gates, pictures, plants, posters, decorations –Check your psychology professors office to find some examples of territorial markers

32. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Crowding and Noise Crowding: Subjective feeling of being overstimulated by nearness of others or loss of privacy (especially when social contact with them is unavoidable) –When crowding causes a loss of control over ones immediate social environment, stress can result –John Calhouns Horrible Mousery (1962) is a good example of how overcrowding can affect mice

33. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Noise and Stress Attentional Overload: Stressful condition that occurs when sensory stimulation, information, and social contacts make excessive demands on attention Noise Pollution: Stressful, annoying, and intrusive noise; usually generated by machines (jackhammers, sirens, planes), but also including noise made by humans and animals

34. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Figure 17.4

35. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Social Traps Any social situation that rewards individual actions that will have undesired effects in the long run –Anya, Gabi, and others want to drive cars because they are convenient, even though the subway in NYC is more efficient; thus, the subways in major cities in the USA are underused

36. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Tragedy of the Commons Type of social trap where individuals share a scarce resource; each person acts in his or her self-interest, which causes the resource to be used up so eventually everyone suffers –No efforts made, for example, to conserve water, gasoline, electricity, or food –Some social behaviors produce immediate rewards but have significant consequences in the long run

37. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Architectural Psychology Study of the effects buildings have on behavior; buildings can be designed using psychological and behavioral principles –Making rooms with more space and more light, having bathrooms in the middle of the hall; higher or lower ceilings

38. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Figure 17.5

39. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Psychology of Law Study of behavioral dimensions of legal system

40. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Jury Behavior Jurors rarely can put aside biases, attitudes, and beliefs when making a decision Jurors are not very good at separating evidence from other information, e.g., what they think the judge wants Final verdict is often influenced by inadmissible evidence Jurors cannot suspend judgment until all information is in; opinion often formed early in trial

41. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Jury Selection Mock Jury: Group that realistically simulates a courtroom jury

42. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Scientific Jury Selection Social science principles are applied to jury selection process

43. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Scientific Jury Selection Principles Gather demographic information Perform community survey to get information about attitudes toward case Look for authoritarian personality traits in potential jurors –Tend to believe that punishment is effective, and more likely to vote to convict Look at nonverbal behavior

44. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Death-Qualified Jury Jury composed of people who favor death penalty or are at least indifferent to it

45. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Sports Psychology Study of psychological and behavioral dimensions of sports performance Task Analysis: Breaking sports skills into subparts so that key elements can be identified and taught Motor Skills: Series of actions molded into a smooth and efficient performance Mental Practice: Imagining a skilled performance to help learning Peak Performance: Physical, emotional, and mental states are harmonious and optimal

46. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Figure 17.6

47. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 Space Psychology: Visions of Arthur C. Clarke? Space Psychologists: Study behavioral challenges that accompany space flight and life in restricted environments Some potential problems psychologists have studied –General Environment: How to handle lack of showers, etc. –Privacy –Sensory Restriction

48. Psychology: A Modular Approach to Mind and Behavior, Tenth Edition, Dennis Coon Chapter 17 More Potential Problems in Space Cultural differences Social isolation Conflict resolution Mental health