1. DEPRECIATION, IMPAIRMENTS, AND DEPLETION

2. Learning Objectives Explain the concept of depreciation.
Identify the factors involved in the depreciation process.
Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing-charge methods of depreciation.
Explain special depreciation methods.
Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.
Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources.
Explain how to report and analyze property, plant, equipment, and natural resources.

3. Depreciation, Impairments, and Depletion
Presentation and Analysis
Factors involved
Methods of depreciation
Special methods
Special issues
Recognizing impairments
Measuring Impairments
Restoration of loss
Assets to be disposed of
Establishing a base
Write-off of resource cost
Estimating reserves
Liquidating dividends
Continuing controversy
Presentation
Analysis

4. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Depreciation is the accounting process of allocating the cost of tangible assets to expense in a systematic and rational manner to those periods expected to benefit from the use of the asset.
Allocating costs of long-term assets:
Fixed assets = Depreciation expense
Intangibles = Amortization expense
Natural resources = Depletion expense
LO 1 Explain the concept of depreciation.

5. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Factors Involved in the Depreciation Process
Three basic questions:
What depreciable base is to be used?
What is the asset’s useful life?
What method of cost allocation is best?
LO 2 Identify the factors involved in the depreciation process.

6. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Factors Involved in the Depreciation Process
Depreciable Base
Illustration 11-1
LO 2 Identify the factors involved in the depreciation process.

7. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Factors Involved in the Depreciation Process
Estimation of Service Lifes
Service life of an asset often differs from its physical life.
Companies retire assets for two reasons:
physical factors (such as casualty or expiration of physical life) and
economic factors (obsolescence).
LO 2 Identify the factors involved in the depreciation process.

8. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Methods of Depreciation
The profession requires the method employed be “systematic and rational.” Examples include:
Activity method (units of use or production).
Straight-line method.
Sum-of-the-years’-digits.
Declining-balance method.
Group and composite methods.
Hybrid or combination methods.
Accelerated methods
Special methods
LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing-charge methods of depreciation.

9. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Activity Method
Illustration 11-2
Stanley Coal Mines Facts
Illustration: If Stanley uses the crane for 4,000 hours the first year, the depreciation charge is:
Illustration 11-3
LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing-charge methods of depreciation.

10. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Straight-Line Method
Illustration 11-2
Stanley Coal Mines Facts
Illustration: Stanley computes depreciation as follows:
Illustration 11-4
LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing-charge methods of depreciation.

11. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Decreasing-Charge Methods
Illustration 11-2
Stanley Coal Mines Facts
Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits. Each fraction uses the sum of the years as a denominator ( = 15). The numerator is the number of years of estimated life remaining as of the beginning of the year.
LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing-charge methods of depreciation.

12. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits
Illustration 11-6
LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing-charge methods of depreciation.

13. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Decreasing-Charge Methods
Illustration 11-2
Stanley Coal Mines Facts
Declining-Balance Method.
Utilizes a depreciation rate (percentage) that is some multiple of the straight-line method.
Does not deduct the salvage value in computing the depreciation base.
LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing-charge methods of depreciation.

14. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Declining-Balance Method
Illustration 11-7
LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing-charge methods of depreciation.

15. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
E11-5 (Depreciation Computations—Four Methods): KC Corporation purchased a new machine for its assembly process on August 1, The cost of this machine was $150,000. The company estimated that the machine would have a salvage value of $24,000 at the end of its service life. Its life is estimated
at 5 years and its working hours are estimated at 21,000 hours. Year-end is December 31.
Instructions: Compute the depreciation expense under the following methods.
(a) Straight-line depreciation. (c) Sum-of-the-years’-digits.
(b) Activity method (d) Double-declining balance.
LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing-charge methods of depreciation.

16. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Straight-line Method
LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing-charge methods of depreciation.

17. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Activity Method
(Assume 800 hours used in 2010)
LO 3

18. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
5/12 =
7/12 =
Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits Method
LO 3

19. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Double-Declining Balance Method
LO 3

20. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Special Depreciation Methods
The choice of method depends on the nature of the assets involved:
Group method used when the assets are similar in nature and have approximately the same useful lives.
Composite approach used when the assets are dissimilar and have different lives.
Companies are also free to develop tailor-made depreciation methods, provided the method results in the allocation of an asset’s cost in a systematic and rational manner (Hybrid or Combination Methods).
LO 4 Explain special depreciation methods.

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22. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Special Depreciation Issues
How should companies compute depreciation for partial periods?
Companies normally compute depreciation on the basis of the nearest full month.
Does depreciation provide for the replacement of assets?
Funds for the replacement of the assets come from the revenues
How should companies handle revisions in depreciation rates?
LO 4 Explain special depreciation methods.

23. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
Changes in Depreciation Rate
Accounted for in the period of change and future periods (Change in Estimate)
Not handled retrospectively
Not considered errors or extraordinary items
LO 4 Explain special depreciation methods.

24. Change in Estimate Example
Arcadia HS, purchased equipment for $510,000 which was estimated to have a useful life of 10 years with a salvage value of $10,000 at the end of that time. Depreciation has been recorded for 7 years on a straight-line basis. In 2010 (year 8), it is determined that the total estimated life should be 15 years with a salvage value of $5,000 at the end of that time.
Questions:
What is the journal entry to correct the prior years’ depreciation?
Calculate the depreciation expense for 2010.
No Entry
Required
LO 4 Explain special depreciation methods.

25. Change in Estimate Example
After 7 years
Equipment cost $510,000
Salvage value ,000
Depreciable base 500,000
Useful life (original) years
Annual depreciation $ 50,000
First, establish NBV at date of change in estimate.
x 7 years = $350,000
Balance Sheet (Dec. 31, 2009)
Fixed Assets:
Equipment
$510,000
Accumulated depreciation
350,000
Net book value (NBV)
$160,000
LO 4 Explain special depreciation methods.

26. Change in Estimate Example
After 7 years
Net book value $160,000
Salvage value (new) ,000
Depreciable base 155,000
Useful life remaining years
Annual depreciation $ 19,375
Depreciation Expense calculation for 2010.
Journal entry for 2010
Depreciation expense 19,375
Accumulated depreciation 19,375
LO 4 Explain special depreciation methods.

27. Impairments
When the carrying amount of an asset is not recoverable, a company records a write-off referred to as an impairment.
Events leading to an impairment:
Decrease in the market value of an asset.
Change in the manner in which an asset is used.
Adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate.
An accumulation of costs in excess of the amount originally expected to acquire or construct an asset.
A projection or forecast that demonstrates continuing losses associated with an asset.
LO 5 Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.

28. Impairments Measuring Impairments
Review events for possible impairment.
If the review indicates impairment, apply the recoverability test. If the sum of the expected future net cash flows from the long-lived asset is less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment has occurred.
3. Assuming an impairment, the impairment loss is the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. The fair value is the market value or the present value of expected future net cash flows.
LO 5 Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.

29. Impairments
Illustration 11-16
Accounting for Impairments
LO 5 Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.

30. Impairments
E11-16 (Impairment): Presented below is information related to equipment owned by Pujols Company at December 31, Assume that Pujols will continue to use this asset in the future. As of December 31, 2010, the equipment has a remaining useful life of 4 years.
Instructions:
(a) Prepare the journal entry (if any) to record the impairment of the asset at December 31, 2010.
(b) Prepare the journal entry to record depreciation expense for 2011.
(c) The fair value of the equipment at December 31, 2011, is $5,100,000. Prepare the journal entry (if any) necessary to record this increase in fair value.
LO 5 Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.

31. Impairments (a). 12/31/10 Loss on impairment 3,600,000
Accumulated depreciation 3,600,000
LO 5 Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.

32. Impairments (b). 12/31/11 Depreciation expense 1,100,000
Accumulated depreciation 1,100,000
(c). Restoration of any impairment loss is not permitted.
LO 5 Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.

33. Depletion
Natural resources, often called wasting assets, include petroleum, minerals, and timber.
They have two main features:
complete removal (consumption) of the asset, and
replacement of the asset only by an act of nature.
Depletion is the process of allocating the cost of natural resources.
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources.

34. Depletion Establishing a Depletion Base
Computation of the depletion base involves four factors:
Acquisition cost of the deposit,
Exploration costs,
Development costs, and
Restoration costs.
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources.

35. Depletion Write-off of Resource Cost
Normally, companies compute depletion on a units-of-production method (an activity approach). Thus, depletion is a function of the number of units extracted during the period.
Calculation:
Total cost – Salvage value
= Depletion cost per unit
Total estimated units available
Units extracted x Cost per unit
= Depletion
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources.

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37. Depletion
E11-19 (Depletion Computations—Timber): Hernandez Timber Company owns 9,000 acres of timberland purchased in 1999 at a cost of $1,400 per acre. At the time of purchase the land without the timber was valued at $400 per acre. In 2000, Hernandez built fire lanes and roads, with a life of 30 years, at a cost of $87,000. Every year Hernandez sprays to prevent disease at a cost of $3,000 per year and spends $7,000 to maintain the fire lanes and roads. During 2001, Hernandez selectively logged and sold 700,000 board feet of timber, of the estimated 3,000,000 board feet. In 2002, Hernandez planted new seedlings to replace the trees cut at a cost of $100,000.
Instructions:
Determine the depreciation expense and the cost of timber sold related to depletion for 2001.
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources.

38. Depletion E11-19 (Depletion Computations—Timber)
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources.

39. Depletion E11-19 (Depletion Computations—Timber)
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources.

40. Depletion Estimating Recoverable Reserves
Same as accounting for changes in estimates.
Revise the depletion rate on a prospective basis.
Divides the remaining cost by the new estimate of the recoverable reserves.
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources.

41. Depletion
Liquidating Dividends - Dividends greater than the amount of accumulated net income.
Illustration: Callahan Mining had a retained earnings balance of $1,650,000 and paid-in capital in excess of par of $5,435,493. Callahan’s board declared a dividend of $3 a share on the 1,000,000 shares outstanding. It records the $3,000,000 cash dividend as follows.
Retained Earnings 1,650,000
Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par 1,350,000
Cash 3,000,000
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources.

42. Depletion Continuing Controversy Oil and Gas Industry:
Full cost concept
Successful efforts concept
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources.

43. Presentation and Analysis
Presentation of Property, Plant, Equipment, and Natural Resources
Depreciating assets, use Accumulated Depreciation.
Depleting assets may include use of Accumulated Depletion account, or the direct reduction of asset.
Basis of valuation (cost)
Pledges, liens, and other commitments
Depreciation expense for the period.
Balances of major classes of depreciable assets.
Accumulated depreciation.
A description of the depreciation methods used.
Disclosures
LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze property, plant, equipment, and natural resources.

44. Presentation and Analysis
The assets turnover is a measure of a firm’s ability to generate sales from a particular investment in assets.
Illustration 11-20
Solution on notes page
LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze property, plant, equipment, and natural resources.

45. Presentation and Analysis
The profit margin on sales is a measure of the ability to generate operating income from a particular level of sales.
Illustration 11-21
Solution on notes page
LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze property, plant, equipment, and natural resources.

46. Presentation and Analysis
Rate of Return on Assets measures a firm’s success in using assets to generate earnings.
Illustration 11-22
Solution on notes page
LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze property, plant, equipment, and natural resources.

47. Presentation and Analysis
The analyst obtains further insight into the behavior of ROA by disaggregating it into components of profit margin on sales and asset turnover as follows:
Rate of Return on Assets
Profit Margin on Sales
Asset Turnover = x
Net Income
Net Income
Net Sales = x
Average Total Assets
Net Sales
Average Total Assets
LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze property, plant, equipment, and natural resources.

48. Presentation and Analysis
The analyst obtains further insight into the behavior of ROA by disaggregating it into components of profit margin on sales and asset turnover as follows:
Rate of Return on Assets
Profit Margin on Sales
Asset Turnover = x
$64.2
$64.2
$420.1 = x
($ ) / 2
$420.1
($ ) / 2
8.7% =
15.28% x
.569
LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze property, plant, equipment, and natural resources.

49. Under both iGAAP and U.S. GAAP, interest costs incurred during construction must be capitalized.
iGAAP, like U.S. GAAP, capitalizes all direct costs in self-constructed assets.
The accounting for exchanges of nonmonetary assets has recently converged between iGAAP and U.S. GAAP.
iGAAP permits the same depreciation methods (straight-line, accelerated, units-of-production) as U.S. GAAP.

50. As discussed in the Chapter 4 Convergence Corner, iGAAP permits asset revaluations (which are not permitted in U.S. GAAP). Consequently, companies that use the revaluation framework must follow revaluation depreciation procedures.
iGAAP also uses a fair value test to measure the impairment loss. However, iGAAP does not use the first-stage recoverability test used under U.S. GAAP—comparing the undiscounted cash flows to the carrying amount. Thus, the iGAAP test is more strict than U.S. GAAP.

51. Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System
MACRS differs from GAAP in three respects:
a mandated tax life, which is generally shorter than the economic life;
cost recovery on an accelerated basis; and
an assigned salvage value of zero.
LO 8 Describe income tax methods of depreciation.

52. Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System
Tax Lives (Recovery Periods)
Illustration 11A-1
LO 8 Describe income tax methods of depreciation.

53. Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System
Tax Depreciation Methods
Illustration 11A-2
LO 8 Describe income tax methods of depreciation.

54. Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System
Illustration: Computer and peripheral equipment purchased by Denise Rode Company on January 1, 2009.
LO 8 Describe income tax methods of depreciation.

55. Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System
Illustration:
Illustration 11A-3
LO 8 Describe income tax methods of depreciation.

56. Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System
Illustration 11A-4
Illustration: Using the rates from the MACRS depreciation rate schedule for a 5-year class of property, Rode computes depreciation as follows
Illustration 11A-5
LO 8 Describe income tax methods of depreciation.

57. Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System
Additional Issues
Optional straight-line method
Tax versus book depreciation
LO 8 Describe income tax methods of depreciation.

58. JOIN KHALID AZIZ ECONOMICS OF ICMAP, ICAP, MA-ECONOMICS, B.COM.
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