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Biology EOC Review Saturday Session
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Cells DNA Ribosome Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Prokaryote Eukaryote Prokaryotic Bacteria Flagellum Cell Membrane (Plasma) Cell Wall
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Eukaryotic Animal Mitochondria Ribosome Nucleus Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplast Eukaryotic Plant Nucleus Central Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplast Cell Wall
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Nucleus Cell Membrane Cell Wall Mitochondria Vacuole Chloroplast Ribosome
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Oral Groove Cilia Contractile Vacuole Pseudopodia Food Vacuole Eyespot Flagellum
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e Occular lens X Objective lens
Electron microscope has a higher magnification power
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Specialization = differentiation
structure Function D E A C F B paramecium muscle nerve sperm Red blood cell Vascular tissue Identical specialized Specialization = differentiation
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Surface Area Mitochondria Small Intestines Tissue Cells Organism Organ Organ System
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Homeostasis High Low Sweat evaporating from the skin releases heat and cools the body Cell Membrane aka Plasma Membrane Proteins Carbohydrates
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Passive Equal Active Osmosis contractile vacuole Pump Exocytosis
Facilitated Diffusion Exocytosis Diffusion Passive Active Passive Active
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swelling Staying the same Cells shrink Pure H2O Distilled H2O
The water moved into the hypertonic solution. Staying the same Cells shrink Pure H2O Distilled H2O Hypotonic The solute was too large to move across the membrane. Isotonic Solution Salt H2O Hypertonic Plants cells have a cell wall and therefore do not rupture Isotonic solution Hypotonic solution
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Binary Fission Budding
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gametes Cancer
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Stem B E C A F D Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
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Skin, muscle, bone, nerve (46 chromosomes)
gametes variation Somatic (Body Cells) Ovaries & Testes Asexual Sexual limits Increases variation 2 4 Skin, muscle, bone, nerve (46 chromosomes) Egg or sperm 23 chromosomes
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(like a giant cookbook)
DNA RNA nucleotides Deoxyribose Ribose G, C, A & T G, C, A & U mRNA, tRNA, rRNA Billions of bases (like a giant cookbook) Thousands of bases (like a single recipe)
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double helix complementary a weak nucleotide
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divide (reproduce) nucleus Original strands New strands
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Ribosome (in the cytoplasm)
amino acids peptide folded A strand of mRNA a chain of amino acids DNA & mRNA mRNA, tRNA & rRNA Nucleus Ribosome (in the cytoplasm) Transcription Translation folding A trait
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AUG CGA UUC UGA mRNA Met - Arg - Phen - STOP
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UV Rays from the sun
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Bb bb b Bb bb T t T TT Tt Tt x Tt t Tt tt 1/4 or 25%
2 Bb bb b 2 black white Bb bb black white 2 2 T t T TT Tt Tt x Tt t Tt tt 1/4 or 25%
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¼ or 25% are expected to be red Rr rr
Codominance means in heterozygotes – both alleles show All offspring would have Blue & Yellow Feathers
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tt T T t t tt Hh hh 1/2 or 50% No
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XN = normal Xn = hemophilia XN Xn XN X? XN Xn
XnY XNX? XN Xn XN X? XN Xn Boys always inherit the Y from their dad & X from their mom. The disease was inherited from his mom. Usually there are more males affected than females. boys only need to inherit one copy of an X-linked allele girls must inherit 2 copies to be affected
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XN Xn 1/4 or 25% XN Y XN XN XN Xn 1/2 or 50% XN Y Xn Y
If they had a girl, they could be sure their child would not suffer from hemophilia
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IA i IB IB IA IB i i 50 IA IB 50 i IA i IB i IA i IB i
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Hair, eye & skin color, height, shoe size, etc. Tobacco uv light
Diet (what you eat) Eat foods with exercise
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Boy nondisjunction A female’s eggs are made when she is just a fetus (so when she’s 45, so are her eggs)
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4 3 5 4 4 cut restriction enzyme 3
The negatively charged DNA is attracted to the positive charge at the end of the gel. 3 Has the most bands that match with the common ancestor Child 2 Child 1
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Human Genome Project Gene Therapy
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cropsmore nutritious, make pesticides, etc.
Bacteria/plants or other animals can make medicine a DIFFERENT species Tobacco plant with a firefly gene (it glowed) Bacteria that produce human insulin Golden rice makes beta-carotene (gene from a daffodil) Strawberries with a flounder gene (able to survive frost)
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3 1 5 4 2
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Are these clones?
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Are these clones?
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Are these clones?
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Change Environment
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Exponentially Genetic Variation Limited Competition Environments Fittest Speciation
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Simple Complex Eukaryotic
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DNA Proteins Fewer DNA (Genes) Antibiotics Genetic
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Plantae Animalia Genus species Passer Domain Kingdom Phylum Class
Order Family Genus Species Plantae Animalia Genus species Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class Passer
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Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Chitin
Cellulose Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph
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Gibbons Roundworms Protists
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Spotted Salamander Ambystoma maculatum Smaller Slimy Salamander
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Amino Acids RNA
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Brown bag Translucent spot
Glucose Glycogen Starch Cellulose Benedicts Sugar BlueOrange Mono-saccharides Iodine Starch Brown purplish-black Brown bag Translucent spot Fats, Steroids Phospholipids Fatty acids Glycerol
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Insulin Hemoglobin Biuret – Enzymes Amino acids DNA RNA Nucleotides
Blue Purple Amino acids DNA RNA Nucleotides
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Lipid (triglyceride) Protein (amino acid chain) Nucleic Acid (nucleotide) Carbohydrate
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Active Site Substrate Product (Reactants)
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To break down sucrose into fructose & glucose
Sucrose and water Fructose & Glucose No, the enzyme doesn’t change so it will continue to break down the substrate.
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Temperature pH Buffer No, the enzyme has a specific job/function & substrate.
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Energy removed (break bond) ADP di Phosphate ADP
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ATP + Water (H2O) + Glucose (C6H12O6)
Chloroplast Mitochondria Plants, algae, some Bacteria All Eukaryotes Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (O2) Light + Water (H2O) + Carbon dioxide (CO2) ATP + Water (H2O) + Carbon dioxide (CO2) Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (O2)
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Anaerobic RESPIRATION (Fermentation)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Oxygen (O2) Anaerobic RESPIRATION (Fermentation) PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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ATP and doesn’t cause lactic acid to build up.
36 2 2 Oxygen Alcohol CO2 burn Aerobic It produces more ATP and doesn’t cause lactic acid to build up.
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