1. Figure 7 Clinical options for HCC therapy
Figure 7 | Clinical options for HCC therapy. a | Combined therapy with anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies acts via different mechanisms with synergistic effects, but also with a higher risk of systemic adverse effects. The triple combination of local anti-CTLA-4 mAbs, IL-12 and a systemic PD-1–PD-L1 inhibitor might result in vigorous antitumour responses. b | ACT with either tumour-infiltrating leucocytes, cytokine-induced killer cells or chimeric antigen receptor T cells can be difficult to deliver inside the tumour and even if cells reach their target, their effector functions might be dampened by the immunosuppressive TME. Gene therapy can be used to enhance the efficacy of ACT by manipulating the tumour to express chemokines and checkpoint blockers to attract effector T cells to the tumour tissue and prevent their inhibition. Abbreviations: ACT, adoptive cell transfer; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4; CXCL10, CXC motif chemokine 10; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; mAb, monoclonal antibody; NK, natural killer; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1, programmed cell death 1 ligand 1; TME, tumour microenvironment.
Prieto, J. et al. (2015) Immunological landscape and immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma
Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. doi: /nrgastro