1. Immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma
Tim F. Greten, Michael P. Manns, Firouzeh Korangy 
Journal of Hepatology 
Volume 45, Issue 6, Pages (December 2006)
DOI: /j.jhep
Copyright © 2006 European Association for the Study of the Liver Terms and Conditions

2. Fig. 1
Immunotherapeutic approaches to cancer. Tumor cells can be targeted by different effector mechanisms. Lymphokine activated killer cells can be generated from peripheral blood and directly use to treat tumors. Alternatively, systemic cytokine treatment can be performed. In contrast tumor-specific effectors consist of either humoral responses (antibodies) or cellular responses such as cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Tumor-specific T cells can be generated in vitro and injected into the patient (adoptive T cell therapy) or in vivo. Mature DCs express co-stimulatory molecules such as B7-1 and B7-2 to enhance T-cell activation. DCs secrete IL-12 and IL-18 to promote T helper CD4+ T cell responses and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Activated CD4+ T cells express CD40 ligand, which further stimulates DC maturation through CD40 signaling. DCs are either intratumorally injected, or loaded with the corresponding tumor antigen. This can be achieved in vitro or in vivo by injection of antigenic peptides or tumor lysate. Finally, elimination of regulatory T cells can lead to an increased immune response in vivo.
Journal of Hepatology  , DOI: ( /j.jhep )
Copyright © 2006 European Association for the Study of the Liver Terms and Conditions