1. Presented by Paul Almond – Datacentre UK
Cooling Solutions
Presented by
Paul Almond – Datacentre UK

2. Energy costs are rising
The Facts
Energy costs are rising
The cost to power and cool server room equipment
now exceeds the purchase cost on a 3-year life-cycle, based on a traditional server room / data centre configuration.
Fact 1: Power and cooling costs increasingly limit scalability of your data center, and consume an ever-larger share of budget resources.
The 3-year energy cost of highly dense servers is roughly equivalent to their acquisition cost.1 Fact 2:  Advances in compute density, such as blade servers, have resulted in highly dense servers that require significantly more power and cooling than traditional server configurations.
Industry analyst Gartner wrote, “The leading server vendors recognize the problems associated with highly dense hardware and, in particular, with the rapid uptake of high-density blades.  As such, they are attempting to develop solutions to deal with those problems.”2
Fact 3:  The power and associated costs to cool the datacenter can be as much or more than the cost of powering the IT equipment (servers, storage, and networking). [3]
A study by HP and The Uptime Institute suggests that in a majority of the world's data centers 63% of a datacenter’s power is associated with the power of cooling the IT equipment. 4
While the rest of the industry is narrowly focused on only one aspect of the problem -- reducing the power of chips and other components, HP is also addressing the need to reduce the power requirements and costs associated with cooling the datacenters themselves. 
Fact 4:  Reducing the energy required to cool a datacenter can result in significant cost savings (and reduction in CO2 emissions) or the ability to deploy more IT equipment in the same space -- or a mixture of the two.  

3. Cooling Solutions
Source IDC

4. • Create more efficient rack space
Cooling Solutions
The Aim
• Reduce energy usage
• Create more efficient rack space
The government will be introducing a carbon tax in 2009
All companies will have to report power usage by law

5. Industry Studies
Recent studies reveal that data centre power densities have increased ten-fold in the last 10 years and that cooling represents upwards of 60-70% of the total data centre power spend for the majority of customers. These costs are driven by the data centre power requirements and the volume of cooling airflow required
Source HP
Why
The onset of high density computing including blades

6. What are the cooling challenges in today’s data centres?
1. Agility – the ability of a system to adapt to change – increasing and unpredictable power densities driven by ever-changing business requirements.
2. Availability – to eliminate hotspots and vertical temperature gradients at the face of the rack and to assure redundancy when required.
3. Lifecycle costs – to optimise capital investment and available space – the ability to accelerate speed of deployment and lower maintenance costs, increase ROI and maximise operational efficiency.
4. Manageability – Simple and intuitive configuration – predictive failure analysis and provision of cooling performance data.
5. Serviceability – Decrease mean time to recover – simplify complexity – easier service procedures – minimise multi-vendor solutions.

7. Cooling Solutions Typical 1U Server Typical 7U Blade Server
32oC
Typical 1U Server
75.5 l/s/kW
22oC
49.6 l/s/kW
( kW)
Typical 7U Blade Server
22oC
38-42oC
Blade servers both offer increased computing density and a significant performance per watt benefit. These inherent advantages of blades when matched with advanced power and cooling infrastructure, can assist to drive out waste in the physical environment and drive up efficiencies.
It is not only direction of airflow that must be taken into consideration, but also
temperature rise across the server and the air volume required by the server fans.
Blade servers are the most electrically efficient form of server. Available blade types for a
given blade server system can vary dramatically in performance and power consumption

8. Room Based Cooling Existing Configurations
The predominant architecture for cooling data centres since the inception of the mainframe has been raised floor air delivery from perimeter computer room air conditioners (CRAC).
At lower densities (1 – 5 kW / rack), adequate cooling is provided to sensitive IT equipment, despite the mixing of air throughout the room.
Major obstacle is the length scale of air delivery
- distance between cooling units and heat load make it difficult to properly remove the heat generated from IT equipment without mixing with supply air
- results in hot spots and a complicated design approach to air distribution

9. Cooling Solutions
When you pump cold air into a raised floor, you expect it will all arrive at its destination -- the server racks. But like a disobedient child, some of the cold air is probably sneaking off where it shouldn't, and it's costing you money.
Fully populated blade chassis requires approx 223 l/s
Cfm – Cubix feet per second

10. Row Based Cooling Existing Configurations
Place the air conditioning units in the row of rack enclosures.
Incorporating a hot / cold aisle design, heat is removed from the hot aisle as it is dispelled from the IT equipment. The hot air is then cooled and discharged to the cold aisle.
Inherent energy efficiency advantages:
- fan power reduction to move the air
- shift in mindset from cold air supply to heat removal
- removal of heat before it has a chance to mix with surrounding air in the room makes the remaining areas in the room a large available volume of supply air
- length scale for air delivery is only a few metres or less (varies on number of racks) rather than tens of metres
In-Row cooling architecture is a new approach to data centre cooling that provides a predictable way of addressing the heat generated by IT equipment within a data centre or small server room. The fundamental purpose of in-row cooling is to capture heat from the IT equipment in the hot aisle and neutralize the heat before it mixes in the room. Hot air mixing within the data centre is the fundamental cause of thermal issues. By locating the air conditioner in the IT row v. the perimeter, over 30% of the wasted electricity can be re-gained. This provides a predicable cooling solution that dramatically increases the cooling efficiency and thus improvement in overall computing performance per watt
Note: In-row cooling architecture, as depicted, utilises a free air discharge without ducting or any containment of hot or cold air streams.

11. Close Coupled Cooling Cooling Solutions
Eliminate the supply air from the equation
Capture all the heat where it is generated, from the hot aisle
Remove the heat before it mixes with air streams outside the hot aisle
No obstructions to block the air path
Avoid complex engineering
Variable speed fans to match cooling capacity to power load in each aisle
Room temperatures will be easier to maintain with less warm air escaping the hot aisle
Close Coupled Cooling

12. Cooling Solutions
How do I cool my
data centre for FREE?

13. Free-Cooling Chillers
Cooling Solutions
Free-Cooling Chillers
Use ambient air to cool the warm return water
Ideally suited to new designs, but free-cooling options can be retro-fitted to existing installations
Technical Presentation by
Fabian Lant, Export Manager of Geoclima.

14. Cooling Solutions TRADITIONAL Chiller Water Circuit Schematic
Here you can see the traditional packaged chiller refrigeration and chilled water schematic: warm water returns from the system and is cooled using the traditional refrigeration vapour-compression cycle. Note that there is no reference to the ambient air temperature; if the return water is warmer than the chilled water setpoint, the compressors are called into operation, regardless f the outdoor air temperature.
TRADITIONAL Chiller
Water Circuit Schematic

15. Free-Cooling Solutions
Now you can see the free-cooling chiller schematics: note the extra components highlighted in the green boxes - warm water returns from the system and the chiller microprocessor constantly compares its temperature to the ambient air temperature and the required leaving water temperature (LWT) setpoint. In simple terms, if the ambient air is one degree or more below the return water temperature, then some free-cooling will be available, so the three-port free-cooling valve is opened and the warm return water is passed through the free-cooling coil. If all of the cooling demand cannot be met by the free-cooling means alone, only then will the mechanical cooling be energised. We design our free-cooling coils to give 100% free-cooling when the ambient air temperature is six degrees below the required leaving water temperature setpoint. Using the hot aisle containment systems mentioned later in this presentation, an LWT of 12.7 degrees is required, so we would typically be designing to achieve full free cooling at an ambient temperature of 6.7 degrees.
FREE-COOLING Chiller
Water Circuit Schematic

16. Free-Cooling Solutions
– Average
Air Temperature

17. Free-Cooling Solutions
– Air Temperature
vs Free-Cooling %

18. Free-Cooling Chillers
Free-Cooling Solutions
Free-Cooling Chillers
Air cooled systems: typically 100kW-1200kW
Uses condenser fans only (i.e. no compressors) to pre-cool the returning chilled water
Compressors only run if the required leaving water temperature cannot be achieved with free-cooling system
Lower compressor run time = less maintenance and less down- time
Capital payback typically <18 months EVEN FOR WORST CASE N+1: real bottom-line savings thereafter
Maximised benefits with elevated chilled water temperatures, e.g. Hot Aisle Containment applications

19. Free-Cooling Chillers
Free-Cooling Solutions
Free-Cooling Chillers
What do I need to do to be able to utilise free cooling?
1. Create predictable air flow
2. Capture and Contain hot air to maximise return air temp
3. Raise entering water temperature
Water is 350% more efficient than air at transferring and
transporting heat

20. Raised Floor Airflow Air Containment
Cold Air Containment improves cooling efficiency
Cold aisle containment
Advantages – can be retrofitted in some cases to existing perimeter cooling installation
Disadvantages – must be installed throughout the room as if only installed in a selected area it would have the effect of increasing the heat across the rest of the room
Uses the whole room as a hot air return – in the event of a power failure heat ingress into cold isle would be quick creating high thermal rate of change

21. Row Based Cooling With HAC
Air Containment
Row Based Cooling With HAC
In-Row cooling architecture is a new approach to data centre cooling that provides a predictable way of addressing the heat generated by IT equipment within a data centre or small server room. The fundamental purpose of in-row cooling is to capture heat from the IT equipment in the hot aisle and neutralize the heat before it mixes in the room. Hot air mixing within the data centre is the fundamental cause of thermal issues. By locating the air conditioner in the IT row v. the perimeter, over 30% of the wasted electricity can be re-gained. This provides a predicable cooling solution that dramatically increases the cooling efficiency and thus improvement in overall computing performance per watt
Place the air conditioning units in the row of rack enclosures.
Incorporating a hot / cold aisle design, heat is removed from the hot aisle as it is dispelled from the IT equipment. The hot air is then cooled and discharged to the cold aisle.
Inherent energy efficiency advantages:
- fan power reduction to move the air
- shift in mindset from cold air supply to heat removal
- removal of heat before it has a chance to mix with surrounding air in the room makes the remaining areas in the room a large available volume of supply air
- length scale for air delivery is only a few metres or less (varies on number of racks) rather than tens of metres .

22. Hot Aisle Airflow Air Containment
Hot Air Containment significantly improves cooling efficiency
Hot Aisle
Advantages – can be installed in an existing datacenter as is room neutral
Maximise hot air containment preventing mixing
In the event of a power failure there is a room full of cold air to be used, also normal config is to connect in row coolers to UPS
If false floor exists already then the underfloor space can be used for chilled water pipe work separating water and power

23. Free-Cooling Cost Saving Summary
Free-Cooling Solutions
Free-Cooling Cost Saving Summary
120kW N+1 installation with Free-Cooling Chillers
Achieve pay-back of the cost difference to standard
chillers in <10 months for one machine; 18 months for worst-case, two-machine N+1 installations
Typically achieve 100% Free-Cooling of data centre 26%
(>3 months) of the year
Achieve a useable level of Free-Cooling for >75%
of the year
Based on UK average daily temperatures measured in the SE region, 1997 to 2006 inclusive

24. Alternatives to Free-Cooling for energy efficient cooling solutions
Turbocor Chillers
Very high efficiency, especially at lower loads
Centrifugal compressor with magnetic bearings eliminates oil and the maintenance / efficiency losses associated with traditional systems
Combine with FREE-COOLING for maximum effect

25. Cooling Solutions
The Turbocor
Compressor

26. Turbomiser The Product
Cooling Solutions
Turbomiser The Product
Air and water cooled systems 200kW-1200kW+
Oil-free, electronic, variable speed centrifugal compression system
Combining flooded evaporators, high-efficiency fans & all-aluminium condenser coils with the revolutionary compression system to provide the ultimate energy efficient solution
Reduced life cycle costs through reduced energy consumption and lower maintenance
IPLV / ESEER – Typical Integrated Part Load Value and European Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio values: Air-Cooled Turbomiser Chiller = 5+, Standard Chiller = 4 max.

27. The Features and Benefits
Cooling Solutions
The Features and Benefits
Oil-Free Technology
Improved efficiency
The end of routine oil changes
Low Noise / No Vibration
So quiet that with normal background noise you can’t hear it run
No vibration typically means no refrigerant leaks
Compressor Start-Up Current - From 2 Amps!
Inherently high power factor for maximum motor efficiency and
reduced peak electricity demand
Soft start with smaller emergency generators

28. Magnetic Bearing and Rotor System
Cooling Solutions
Magnetic Bearing and Rotor System
Magnetic bearings and sensors keep the shaft properly centered and positioned at all times.

29. Flooded vs Direct Expansion [DX] Evaporators
Cooling Solutions
Flooded vs Direct Expansion [DX] Evaporators
DX systems require superheat to ensure only vapour reaches the compressor
Expansion valves operate at relatively high pressure differentials, hence the need to keep head pressure artificially high
Flooded evaporators do not necessitate superheat
The combination of flooded evaporator and predictive electronic controls ensures a minimum differential is maintained at all times to take advantage of low ambient conditions to maximise COPs under these conditions

30. Summary Benefits Cooling Solutions Government ECA approval status
Excellent full load energy efficiency
Further improved part load performance
Lower energy bills, reduced carbon footprint
Virtually no mechanical wear
Unrivalled reliability
No oil to degrade the system over time
Low noise
No vibration
Full remote monitoring capability
30% lower overall life cycle costs

31. If you’re still not convinced
Cooling Solutions
If you’re still not convinced
Energy–Efficiency Loans
Interest-free unsecured loans of between £5,000 and £100,000 are available for small and medium sized businesses who are investing in an energy-saving project. Coupled with the ECA scheme this offers business really significant savings.
Free Energy Surveys
If your energy bill is higher than £50,000 per year, then you may qualify for a FREE energy survey to provide you with a practical action plan of energy saving measures tailored to your business.

32. If you’re still not convinced
Reducing carbon footprint
If you’re still not convinced
Carbon Management
As an impartial business advisor, the Carbon Trust can help you anticipate what’s ahead. Their Carbon Management Programme helps larger companies address the strategic issues associated with climate change. The results are cost savings, clarity around responses to legislation and corporate reputation, and brand enhancement.
What is The Carbon Trust ?
The Carbon Trust is an independent, Government-backed organisation that helps businesses and public sector organisations cut energy costs to combat climate change. Impartial advice and assistance is generally free to UK businesses.
The Carbon Trust Standard certifies that an organisation has genuinely reduced its carbon footprint and is committed to making further reductions year on year.
Achieving the Standard will help you:
Prove your climate change credentials
Build your reputation
Create a competitive edge.
If your organisation is committed to measuring, managing and reducing its carbon footprint, then find out how the Carbon Trust Standard can give you the recognition you deserve.

33. The Bottom Line Cooling Solutions Two major benefits for business
The Enhanced Capital Allowance (ECA) Scheme and the Energy Technology List
Energy savings
Products listed on the ETL are highly energy efficient, and should produce significant long-term financial benefits by reducing your energy bills and Climate Change Levy payments.
The ECA scheme provides businesses with 100% first year tax relief on their qualifying capital expenditure. The ETL specifies the energy-saving technologies that are included in the ECA scheme.
The criteria for the ETL changes annually, yet new products are added each month. The Carbon Trust is making the new Energy Technology List simpler for you to use - and easier for your customers to find your products. Look out for the new, improved website in the near future, where you can get alerts on product additions and updates on the development of the scheme.

34. Cooling Solutions
Thank You