1. Classification

2. Beginnings of Classification
Grouping of living things according to similar characteristics
Early systems
Walk, swim, fly
Flesh, fur, scales
Poisonous, nutritious, inedible

3. Classification Taxonomy taxo - arrangement or order
-onomy - system of laws
Aristotle classified organisms by the way they moved

4. Polynomial Nomenclature
1600’s – similar species put in common groups called genera (genus)
Each species was given a long name
Polynomial=genus name plus several descriptive words (Latin)
Plant catnip = Nepeta floribus interrupte spicatus pedunculatis

5. Binomial Nomenclature
1700’s – Carolus Linnaeus
Used genus and species name
Called binomial nomenclature
Bi = 2 nomia = name
Wolf = Canis lupus
Dog = Canis familiaris
Human = Homo sapiens

6. Scientific Names Always in italics Genus and species names
First letter of the genus name is capitalized
All other letters are lower case
Example: wolf: Canis lupus

7. Modern Classification
Advances in microscopes and evolution have allowed for greater insight into classification
Modern classification does two jobs:
Groups organisms by basic characteristics
Gives each organism a unique name

8. Modern Classification
Advances in microscopes and evolution have allowed for greater insight into classification
Modern classification does two jobs:
Groups organisms by basic characteristics
Gives each organism a unique name

10. Levels of Classification
Domain Continent
Kingdom Country
Phylum State
Class County
Order City
Family Street
Genus House number
Species Room

11. The Six Kingdoms

12. The Six Kingdoms

17. Create a flowchart that begins with the broadest level and becomes more specific.

18. Create a flowchart that begins with the broadest level and becomes more specific.
Level 1 (most broad)
This classification system has 5 levels. Each level is more specific than the last.
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Level 5 (most specific)

19. Let’s classify the following animals:

20. The Six Kingdoms
*NOTE: Your worksheet lists two of the kingdoms as Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

22. How Are Evolutionary Relationships Determined
Structural similarities:
Closely related organisms have similar structures.
Retracting claws = cat family.
Sunflowers and dandelions = Asteraceae.
Disk and ray flowers.

23. How Are Evolutionary Relationships Determined
Breeding behavior:
Mating behaviors can prevent different species from mating.

24. How Are Evolutionary Relationships Determined
Geographic distribution:
Finches on Galapagos share a common ancestor.
Supported by probable isolation.

25. How Are Evolutionary Relationships Determined
Chromosome comparisons:
Closely related = similar number and structure of chromosomes.
Cauliflower, cabbage, kale, and broccoli – chromosomes almost identical.

26. How Are Evolutionary Relationships Determined
Biochemistry:
Closely related = similar DNA sequences and proteins.
DNA sequences suggest red pandas are related to raccoons and giant pandas to bears.

27. Phylogenetic Classification
Phylogeny: evolutionary history of a species.
Classification is based on phylogeny.

28. Cladistics Uses Phylogeny
Organisms which evolve from a common ancestor share unique characteristics.
Cladogram: branching diagram showing relationship through evolution.

29. Six-kingdom System Based on three criteria: The number of cells
Presence or absence of nucleus
Mode of nutrition

30. Prokaryotes: Two Kingdoms
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Prokaryotes
Most are single celled
Autotrophs or heterotrophs

31. Archaebacteria Few hundred species. Live in extreme environments.
Swamps, deep-ocean hydrothermal vents, seawater evaporating ponds.
Lipids, cell walls and DNA sequences are considerably different from other prokaryotes.
Genes have more similar structure to eukaryotes.

32. Eubacteria All other bacteria: more than 10,000 species.
Less complex genetics than archaebacteria or eukaryotes.
Some cause diseases (strep throat and pneumonia) but most are harmless and many are helpful.

33. Bacteria

34. Kingdom Protista Eukaryotes Single celled
Sexual reproduction by meiosis
Autotrophs or heterotrophs

35. Protists - Eukaryotes

36. Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotes Single cell or multicellular
Absorb nutrients from other organisms

37. Fungi

38. Kingdom Animalia
Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Heterotrophs
Most are mobile

39. Kingdom Plantae Eukaryotes Most are immobile
Multicellular or single-celled
Have cell walls
Photosynthetic
Autotrophs