1. Write down your homework…
Online activity 6.3 and 6.4 on Miss Smith’s website!

2. Essential Questions Why did Rome experience a period of civil war?
How did Caesar reform Rome (three reforms)?
What happened to Caesar?
Who was the first emperor of Rome?

3. From Republic to Empire
Ancient Rome Notes
From Republic to Empire

4. Rome as a Republic
Rome grew rapidly, and growth brought political, economic, and social changes.

5. The Decline of the Republic
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempted to help Rome’s poor by proposing reforms
Senators felt threatened and violently killed both brothers
Generals recruited soldiers by
promising land, which divided
loyalty among troops
Bloody civil war broke out

6. Julius Caesar Takes Control
Joined forces with Crassus and Pompey to become elected as consul.
Led his troops to conquer Gaul and shared in the hardships of war with his men, which won their loyalty and devotion.
 He became very popular, but disobeyed the Senate’s order to return home. This move led to civil war in Rome between Julius Caesar and Pompey.
 Julius was then appointed dictator for life.

8. Julius Caesar Takes Control
He expanded the senate.
He granted Roman citizenship to many people in the provinces.
He helped the poor by creating jobs, especially through the construction of new public buildings, and started colonies where the landless could own land.
He increased pay for soldiers.

9. Julius Caesar Loses Control
Senators began to fear losing their influence, and a few plotted his assassination
On March 15, 44 B.C.E., they stabbed him to death in the senate chamber

10. Death of Julius Caesar

11. Birth of an Empire
After Caesar’s death, civil war broke out again and destroyed what was left of the Roman Republic
Three of Caesar’s supporters joined together to crush the assassins; Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus
 The Second Triumvirate ended in jealousy and violence; Lepidus retired and Octavian and Antony became enemies

13. Birth of an Empire
Octavian defeated the combined forces of Antony and Cleopatra at Actium
He then became the unchallenged ruler of Rome and accepted the title of Augustus or “exalted one” and became the first emperor of Rome