1. Section 2

2.   Triumvirate – group of three rulers  Pax Romana – Roman Peace  Civil War – conflict between groups within the same country  Julius Caesar – very popular military leader elected Consul in 59 B.C.E  Augustus – name given to a leader known as the “exalted one”  Pompey – leader in the triumvirate that became a political rival Vocabulary

3.  Republic Collapses  Bigger the empire, the more problems  Huge gap between rich and poor  Small farmers had to sell their land  Urban poor made up 25% of the population

4.  Tiberius and Gaius  Brothers who were elected as Tribunes  Made many enemies with the Senators  Died violent deaths  Tiberius – 133 B.C.E  Gaius – 121 B.C.E  Result: Civil War

5.   Soldiers now fought for pay and loyalty to a commander  No more loyalty to the Republic  It’s now possible for one leader to take complete control of the Empire Military Change

6.  Activity 1.If you were the leader of an empire, how would you rule the empire? 2.Explain the empires style of military? 3.Would the people have to pay taxes? How would the people pay the taxes? 4.Write 5 laws you would have in your empire. Beside each law, what would the consequence be for breaking the law?  You must have two paragraphs describing the information about your Empire. List the five laws and consequences after your two paragraphs.

7.  Julius Caesar  Worked with Crassus and Pompey  Known as a triumvirate  He won his men’s loyalty and devotion through military strategy  Pompey became a political rival

8.  Caesar continued……  Defeated Pompey’s men in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt  He then returned to Rome supported by many  Senate appointed him Dictator for life in 44 B.C.E

9.   Granted Roman citizenship to new people  Expanded the Senate (adding friends and supporters)  Created Jobs with the construction of new buildings  Started new colonies so people can own land  Increased pay for soldiers Caesar’s Reforms

10.  Death  Caesar was assassinated by senators  Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius  Stabbed him to death

11.   Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus  Ruled for 10 yrs  The triumvirate broke up because of jealousy  Each leader accused each other of trying to gain more power than the others. Second Triumvirate

12.  Battle at Actium  Octavian vs. Antony and Cleopatra  Octavian did not want Antony to rule from Rome  Octavian won, Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide

13.   Time period of Peace and Prosperity, “Roman Peace”  Roman Empire covered more than 3 million sq. miles  Population between 60-80 million people  1 million in the city of Rome  Augustus new civil services (payment of workers in the government) stabilized the Empire for centuries Pax Romana