1. The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes from the late 18th to mid-19th century, where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology took place.

2. Key Terms to Know
Industrialization – the shift from an agricultural (farming) economy to one based on industry (manufacturing).
Manufacturing – the use of machines, tools, and labor to make things for use or sale
Rural – farming or country life; villages (sparsely populated)
Urban – city life (densely populated)
Urbanization – the movement of people to cities
Tenement – a substandard, multi-family dwelling; usually old and occupied by poor workers
Free Market Economy – an economic system where there is no economic intervention or regulation by the government
Capitalism - an economic system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the government
Socialism – an economic system in which a country’s production, distribution, and exchange are controlled by the government

3. Before the Industrial Revolution
Before the Industrial Revolution, rural or village life was the dominate way of life. Most villagers were farmers and most countries’ economies were based on agriculture. Products were made via the cottage industry – a very slow process where manufacturing was carried out in people’s homes.

4. The Industrial Revolution Begins In Great Britain
There are few reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain… 1.) They had a stable government and economy. They hadn’t fought any recent wars, leaving them enough money to invest in new businesses. They also had an overseas empire (colonies) throughout the world, providing even more financial resources.

5. The Industrial Revolution Begins In Great Britain (cont’d)
There are few reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain… 2.) They have an abundant supply of natural resources that is needed to industrialize. They had coal, which was used for steam engines. They had iron ore, which was used for tools and other machines. They also had a large transportation network, made up of canals, bridges, roads, and railway systems, which made the transportation of goods faster.

6. The Industrial Revolution Begins In Great Britain (cont’d)
There are few reasons why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain… 3.) They have a large labor supply, because their population continued to grow and many were eager and ready to work. 4.) Their technology was always improving. They were always looking for more efficient ways to produce and transport goods. 5.) Great Britain was under a free market/capitalist economic system, meaning there was very little government interference. As a result, the ideas of Industrial Revolution quickly spread from Great Britain to the rest of Europe and the United States.

7. Causes of the Industrial Revolution
The Second Agricultural Revolution (17th-18th Centuries)
Improved the quality and quantity of food
Farmers mixed different kinds of soil or tried new crop rotations to increase production
Led to a surplus of food, meaning less people died of hunger and a rapid population growth
New technologies and new sources of energy and materials
James Watt’s steam engine became a key source of power

8. Another Cause: The Enclosure Movement
The Enclosure Movement was the privatization of once common/public land in Great Britain during the 15th and 16th ( s) centuries. Before the Industrial Revolution, all farm land was commonly or publicly owned by the lower class peasants. Basically, anyone could farm anywhere. As time progressed, this commonly shared land was taken over by the wealthy upper class and privatized. In other words, the land was no longer commonly shared by the peasants, but now was divided among and privately owned by the upper class.

9. Another Cause: The Enclosure Movement (Cont’d)
This caused the poor farmers to lose farming land, leading them to move to the cities in search of jobs. This led to the demand of more jobs. This movement also led to the emergence of large-scaled plantation farming, which led to the increase of crops, as well as wool because they were able to raise a larger number of sheep.

10. The First Major Industry To Form
The textile (cloth or woven fabric) industry was the first to form in Great Britain. As the population continued to grow, the demand for cloth grew, so merchants had to compete with others for the supplies to make it. This caused the price for the products (clothing) to go up. The solution was to use machinery, which was cheaper then products made by hand (which took a long time to create).This allowed the cloth to be made faster and cheaper for the consumer. This demand of machinery led to an increase in technological advancements and formations of other major industries. This led to the increase of production.

11. Technological Advancements
Spinning Jenny  James Hargreaves
Steam Engine  James Watt
Cotton Gin  Eli Whitney
Process of Making Steel  Henry Bessemer

12. Growth of Industry
As a result of these technological advancements and the increase of production, the demand for various products went up. inventors came up with new machines in order to meet the increasing demands. To house these new machines, manufacturers built the first factories. The birth of factories led to the demise of the slow paced, inefficient cottage system. By the 1850s, factories began to be powered by coal and steam engines.

13. The Spinning Jenny
The Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves. At the time, cotton production could not keep up with demand. This machine spun many threads at the same time, thus reducing the amount of work needed to produce yarn. In other words, it produced yarn a lot quicker.

14. The Modern Steam Engine
The Steam Engine was improved by James Watt. It could be used too run many different types of machinery. By the 1850s, most factories were powered by the steam engine. This increased the demand for coal to heat the water to produce steam (and the need for more coal miners).

15. The Cotton Gin
The Cotton Gin was invented by Eli Whitney to mechanize the cleaning of cotton. This machine quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds, a job previously done by hand. This led to the demand of slaves to run the cotton gins.

16. Process For Manufacturing Steel
Henry Bessemer’s process helped to turn iron into steel faster and more efficiently. This process lowered the cost of steel production. Steel was used for the production of machinery and railways, which led to an increase of transportation and trade. This led to the demand increase for steel, thus leading to the establishment of the iron and steel industry.

17. Other Scientific Advancements
Other scientific advancements include the emergence of vaccines, such as the one for smallpox, developed by Edward Jenner. The discovery of bacteria was also made during this point in time by Louis Pasteur.