1. Create a concept map of the adaptive immune system

2. HIV Disease/AIDS History 1926-1946-HIV possibly spreads from monkeys to humans. 1959-A man dies in Congo in what many researchers say is the first proven AIDS death. 1981-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notices high rate of otherwise rare cancer 1982-Term AIDS is used for first time, and CDC defines it. 1983/84-American and French scientists each claim discovery of the virus that will later be called HIV. 1985- FDA approves HIV antibody test for blood. 1987- AZT is first anti-HIV drug approved by the FDA. 1995- US admits it was the Institut Pasteur, not Gallo (USA) who discovered the virus that causes AIDS.

3. HIV Disease/AIDS History 1996- FDA approves first protease inhibitors. 1999- 1 million Americans living with HIV/AIDS. 2001- AIDS global death toll reaches 22 million. 2003- 40 million people worldwide are living with HIV/AIDS. Cumulative deaths in US through 2003 -- 524,060

4. HIV is a Retrovirus HIV has an envelope HIV is an RNA virus High mutation rate http://research.amnh.org/exhibitions/epidemic/microbes.html

5. How is HIV transmitted? HIV is transmitted through body fluids Usually from blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk Fluid surrounding the spinal cord and brain, bone joints, and amniotic fluid surrounding unborn babies HIV has been found in low quantities in tears and saliva but has never been shown to result in transmission

6. How is HIV transmitted? Sexual contact with an infected person (unprotected sex) Infusion of contaminated blood (blood transfusions, sharing needles, accidental prick from HIV-contaminated needle) – The U.S. blood supply was tested for HIV beginning in 1985 Transfer of the virus from an infected mother to child before birth, during birth, or after birth through the mother’s milk

7. What’s the difference between HIV and AIDS? Definition of AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is defined on the basis of its clinical manifestations. You have AIDS when you show symptoms of severe immune deficiency – This becomes apparent through opportunistic infections, CD4 count, and viral load

8. Latent Period HIV has a long latent period (8-10 years) A latent period is when the virus is present in your body but you do not have any symptoms Many people have HIV but do not know they are infected HIV can still be transmitted during the latent period, therefore many people transmit HIV to others before they know they are infected

10. What does HIV do in the body? HIV directly attacks your CD4 cells CD4 cells are part of your immune system that fight off infection

12. What does HIV do in the body? Since the body can detect the virus in CD4 cells, the immune system responds by destroying those CD4 cells The HIV virus also destroys CD4 cells The destruction of CD4 cells weakens the immune system This destruction comes from the virus directly killing the cell OR the immune system killing the cell

13. How do we treat HIV? The problem: high mutation rate, long latent period, integrated viral DNA (lysogenic!) There is no vaccine for HIV/AIDS Many prevention methods for AIDS

14. How do we treat AIDS? - AZT Azidothymidine- first FDA approved treatment for HIV AZT is a Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI) AZT inhibits HIV synthesis by binding to reverse transcriptase to make it non-functioning This stops the copying of RNA to DNA and therefore stops the viral DNA from being incorporated into host DNA (think back to lytic cycle steps!)

15. How do we treat HIV? Protease inhibitors- block the enzyme “Protease” that assembles new viral particles – When protease is blocked, new viruses cannot form Entry Inhibitors- block the attachment of HIV to CD4 cells. – Works by targeting specific proteins on the surface of HIV – Most recent for of therapy for HIV HAART- “highly active antiretroviral therapy” – Combination of a variety of antiretroviral medication. For example: Many patients are on a NRTI and a Protease Inhibitor – Combination of multiple medicines has lengthened life expectancy for AIDS patients