2. Remember…Remember…  Sentences are the biggest units in Grammar analysis  A simple sentence = one clause  Complex/Compound sentences = more than one clause  The relation among clauses can be of: subordination or coordination

3. Subordination & CoordinationSubordination & Coordination  These two types of relation can be seen at different levels:  Clauses  Phrases  Words  The difference is that subordination refers to units being part of other units; while coordination is the joint of elements of the same level, usually by the use of a conjunction  Subordination: [[If you go to the party], you’ll meet the new students]  Coordination: [You go to the party] and [you’ll meet the new students]

4. Subordination  Function  A subordination clause (SCl) can act as:  Subject : [[What the program requires] is a committed student]  Object: [Everyone should be aware [what the program requires]]  Complement: [Committed students is [what the program requires]]  All of the above are similar to NPs, so we’ll call them Noun Clause (NCl)  It is possible also have adverbial clauses, having an adverbial function inside the sentence:  [The man left the room [while she was explaining the problem]]

5.  Structure  Similar to any clause, since you can identify S, P, O, C, A. If they don’t have these elements, they cannot be called clauses per se.  They have some indicators: 1.Subordinating Conjunction (EGFT p. 61) 2.Wh- element (a phrase with a wh- element EGFT p. 73) 3.Tenseless predicator: Cli, Cling, Clen Examples: 1. As soon as I opened the door, my cat ran to the kitchen 2.My cat wants whatever I have in my bag 3.We consider buying the blue house Subordination

6.  Structure  Distinguishing a WH- element of a Conjunction:  WH- elements are the central element of a clause (S, O, A)  They also have a special function in interrogatives and relative clauses/phrases  Conjunctions are particles at the beginning of a Clause, which don’t have any specific function  Tenseless clauses don’t have subject (mostly)  The opening element in a clause is the indicator of which type of clause we are facing Subordination

7.  Problems  Overlapping : wh-elements and conjunctions have members which belong to both classes  Zero clauses : clauses with no introductory element marker Subordination

8. Tensed Subordinate ClauseTensed Subordinate Clause  Types  Noun Clause – NCl  Adverbial Clause – ACl  Relative Clause – RCl  Comparative Clause – CCl  Prepositional Clause – PCl

9. Tensed Subordinate ClauseTensed Subordinate Clause  Noun Clauses (NCl)  There are three main types:  That–clause: it begins with that e.g. The new student is sure [that his new class starts on Friday]  Zero that–clause: omitting that (test: adding that ) e.g. The new student is sure [his new class starts on Friday]  Wh–clauses: it begins with a wh-word (working as S, O, C, A) e.g. Karen doesn’t remember how old her first boyfriend was

10.  Adverbial Clauses (ACl)  It is introduced by a conjunction (mostly)  There is a semantic classification to this type of clause (EGFT P. 108)  We must be careful with overlapping elements (more than one interpretation)  There are possibilities of finding Wh-adverbial clauses and Zero-adverbial clauses, however, it is very uncommon to face this  ACls are similar to relative clauses, in the sense they make a comment or add information to the whole sentence Tensed Subordinate ClauseTensed Subordinate Clause

11.  Relative Clauses (RCl)  They act as post-modifiers, similar to NPs in PPs  They are indirectly part of another clause  They usually begin with a relative pronoun, connecting the clause to the word or head of the NP  Types: WH-RCl, That-RCl, Zero-RCl  Where, when, that  they can introduce relative clause Tensed Subordinate ClauseTensed Subordinate Clause

12.  Comparative Clauses (CCl)  They are very similar to RCl, in the sense they also act as modifiers, not only of nouns, but also of adjectives and adverbs  Typically, a CCl follows a comparative structure such as: as…as, so…as, so…that Tensed Subordinate ClauseTensed Subordinate Clause

13.  Prepositional Clauses (PCl)  As with PP, a PCl begins with a preposition  They have a structure similar to:  p + NCl = PCl  It can act as an adverbial or a post-modifier Tensed Subordinate ClauseTensed Subordinate Clause

14. Function Subordinate ClausesFunction Subordinate Clauses Directly Subordinate Clauses Noun Clauses Adverbial Clauses Prepositional Clauses S O C A Compare: NPs Compare: AvP Compare: PP Indirectly Subordinate Clauses Relative Clauses Comparative Clauses Prepositional Clauses M in NP M in NP, AjP, AvP Compare: Aj, PP Compare: Av, PP Compare: PP

15. Tenseless Subordinate ClausesTenseless Subordinate Clauses Tenseless Subordinate Clauses Types Infinitive Clause Cli Ing-Clause Cling En-Clause Clen

16. Tenseless ClauseCliClingClen NCl ✓✓ ACl ✓✓✓ RCl ✓✓✓ CCl ✓]✓] ✓]✓] PCl ✓ Tenseless Subordinate ClausesTenseless Subordinate Clauses

17. Direct and Indirect Subordination  Direct: a unit inside another of its same rank e.g. a clause inside another clause  Indirect: a unit embedded into a lower ranked unit e.g. a clause inside a phrase

18.  Direct  Clauses within clauses: [ [ ] ]  Phrases within phrases: ( ( ) )  Words within words: compounds  Indirect:  Clauses within phrases: ( [ ] ) Subordination can be a non-ending analysis, since there might be many different interpretations to the composition of a clause and phrase, specially when we face complex units with lots of subordinate elements Direct and Indirect Subordination

19. Skeleton AnalysisSkeleton Analysis  It is a simplified form of notation, closer to the bracketing, where we either omit form and function levels or we get rid of words and we use only symbols:  There are skeleton phrase analysis and skeleton clause analysis

20. Coordination  Coordination is related to the use of coordinator elements such as conjunctions, e.g. and, or, but  Clauses, phrases and words can be conjoined to create more complex units, but at the same level/ranking  In coordination, we can use a specific symbols to enclose the elements:   Finally, if we omit the conjunction ( unlinked coordination ), we have to use a comma in the notation to represent it