1. ILMU GIZI EKSPERIMENTAL Prof. Dr. Dwiyati Pujimulyani, M.P. Fakultas Agroindustri UMBY

2. NUTRIENT – ZAT GIZI

3. 2. LIPIDS Have 2 major component : glycerol and fatty acids Fatty acids : - saturated fatty acids - unsaturated fatty acids - monoglyceride (contain 1 fatty acid) - diglycerides - triglycerides = triasil gliserol (accounting for 95% of fat in food)

4. Simple triglyceride : the fatty acids are all the same Mixed triglyceride : the fatty acids differ from one to another H H H C OH H C O FA 1 H C OH H C O FA 2 H C O FA 1 H C O FA 3 H H Monoglyceride Mixed triglyceride

5. Essential fatty acids (EFA): a. Linoleic acid (C 18:2 ) b. Linolenic acid (C 18:3 ) c. Arachidonic acid (C 20:4 ) The body can convert linoleic acid to arachidonic acid  it is not strickly speaking an EFA It is said to have partial EFA activity

6. RELATED LIPIDS PHOSPHOLIPIDS - one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate (PO 4 ) group and either a nitrogen-containing carbohydrate or a carbohydrate-like substances - example : lechitin CHOLESTEROL - an alcohol lipid or sterol - It is used for the formation of steroid and bile salts

7. FAT REPLACER Its sensory characteristic and functional properties = conventional oil or fat It contains lower energy than conventional fat and oil Can be produced from fatty acids + alcohol sugar. Example : sorbitol- oleat polyester (SOPE) Another example : malto dextrin

8. TRANS FATTY ACIDS Terbentuk saat hidrogenasi minyak menjadi fraksi padat Diduga menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan (kanker, peningkatan LDL) Sekarang : proses hidrogenasi dihindarkan. Sebagai gantinya : esterifikasi & blending  ada produk yang mengklaim “bebas asam lemak trans”

9. General function of lipids in diet Source of energy Satiety value Carrier of fat-soluble vitamins Source of essential fatty acids Palability Precursors of prostaglandin (= regulator of hormon action)

10. 3. PROTEIN – AMINO ACIDS Proteins are made up of many amino acids Chemically, the amino acids are composed of a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), an amino group (NH 2 ), and an amino acid radical (R) attached to a carbon atom as shown below : COOH H C R NH 2

11. Amino acids in food and body tissue ClassificationAmino acid Naturally occuring amino acids Essential for all human Nonessential Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val, His Gly, Glu, Arg, Asp, Pro, Ala, Ser, Tyr, Cys, Asn, Gln Related compounds some- times classified as amino acids Cystine, hydroxy- proline, hydroxy- lisine, etc

12. TAURINE It is synthesized from cysteine (catalized by a vitamin B 6 -requiring enzyme) It occurs as component of bile salts It has some unique functions in the nervous system O HS CH 2 CHCOOH HO S CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 O NH 2 Cysteine Taurine (Brody, 1994 p. 82)

13. General function of protein 1. Essential for growth and maintenance of tissue 2. Formation of essential body compounds (examples : hormon, hemoglobin, neurotransmitters) 3. Regulation of water balance 4. Maintenance of body neutrality 5. Stimulation of antibody formation 6. Transportation of nutrients

14. 4. MINERALS A. CLASSIFICATION 1. Macronutrient mineral elements essential for human nutrition (> 0.005% body weight or 50 ppm) 2. Micronutrient mineral elements essential for human nutrition (< 0.005% body weight)

15. Classification of mineralsElements MacromineralsCa, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg MicromineralFe, Zn, Se, Cu, I (iodine), Mo, F, etc Elements for which essentiality has not yet been establish Ba, Br, Sr, Cd Elements found in the body which no metabolic role Au, Ag, Al, Hg, Pb, Li, etc

16. B. General function of minerals 1. Maintenance of acid-base balance - Some minerals are acid forming : Cl, S, P - Mineral elements that are basic (alkaline) are : Ca, Na, K, Mg - The body neutrality  buffer in blood (carbonates, phosphate, and protein)

17. 2. Catalysts for biological reactions Catabolism Glucose Fatty acids Amino acids Mg, Mn, Co, Mg, S Mg, K K, Cu, Zn, Cr Fe, Cu, Mg Mn, Co, Zn Ca, K CO 2 + H 2 O + energy

18. Anabolism Glucose Fatty acids Amino acids Mg, K Mg, Mn Mg Ca, Cl Glycogen Lipids Proteins

19. 3. Components of essential body compounds : - Many hormon and enzymes contain minerals as integral parts of their structure - Example : xanthine oxidase contains molybdenum - HCl that is secreted into the stomach contain Cl - Production of thyroid hormon depends on an adequate supply of iodine

20. 4. Maintenance of water balance Total body water : 45 L Na : K Na : K Na : K 28 : 1 28 : 1 1 : 10 Capillary walls Extracellullar (ECF) : 15 LIntracellular (ICF) : 30 L Blood or intra vascular : 3L Interstitial (intercellular) or extravascular : 12 L Intracellular (ICF) : 30 L

21. 5. Transmission of nerve impuls : the exchange of Na and K ions across the cell membrane is responsible for the transmission of nerve impuls 6. Regulation of contractility of muscle : Ca, Na, K, and Mg play an important role in contraction and relaxation of muscle 7. Growth of body tissue : Ca and P occur in bone and teeth

22. 5. VITAMINS FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin A, D, E, K WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMIN Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B 6, pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, vitamin B 12, vitamin C, pseudovitamins (vitamin B 15 / pangamic acid, carnitine, para-aminobenzoic acid/PABA, choline and inositol, bioflavonoids, lipoic acid and ubiquinone /coenzyme Q)

23. 6. WATER 70% of fat-free weight of the body or 60% of body weight = water Water intoxication : - Drinking Na-free water after heavy exercises   Na +  in extracellular fluid becomes very diluted  water then enters the cells  over-hydration of cell causes cramp and a decreases in the extracellular fluid causes a drop in blood pressure

24. - When intake of water > the maximum rate of urine flow of 16 mL/min results in an uptake of the extra water by the cell, causing a dilution of the cellular constituents in addition to the swelling of cell  When it occurs in brain cells  convul- sions, coma, and death can result

25. Fungsi Air Pembangun tubuh Medium dimana reaksi berlangsung Berpartisipasi pada reaksi biokimia Media transport Lubricant Pengendali suhu