1. The Great War: A war like no other that the world had ever seen!

2. Who was involved? Allied Powers (main): Allied Powers (main): Russian Empire Russian Empire France France British Empire British Empire Italy Italy United States (joined in 1917) United States (joined in 1917) Central Powers: German Empire (1871) Austro-Hungarian Empire (became Allies with Germany in 1879) Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

3. Europe in 1914

4. Europe before and after World War I

5. Who were the leaders? Allies: Allies: Russia – Tsar Nicholas II Russia – Tsar Nicholas II France - Raymond Poincaré - President of France France - Raymond Poincaré - President of FranceRaymond PoincaréPresident of FranceRaymond PoincaréPresident of France England – King George V and David Lloyd George England – King George V and David Lloyd George Italy – Victor Emmanuel III Italy – Victor Emmanuel III United States – Woodrow Wilson United States – Woodrow Wilson Central: German Empire – Kaiser Wilhelm and Paul von Hindenburg (remember him for WWII) Austria-Hungary – Franz Joseph I Ottoman Empire – Mehmed V Bulgaria – Czar Ferdinand I

6. Why was it so unlike any other war? To begin, NOT UNLIKE other wars in the past, this too was a family feud because all of Europe had been intermarried for generations To begin, NOT UNLIKE other wars in the past, this too was a family feud because all of Europe had been intermarried for generations Modern war fought with large/centrally organized armies with fairly young countries (Germany, Austria- Hungary and Italy were created in the mid 19th century.) Modern war fought with large/centrally organized armies with fairly young countries (Germany, Austria- Hungary and Italy were created in the mid 19th century.) Industrialization was barely a century old Industrialization was barely a century old Scale of the conflict was historically unique – 1st total war Scale of the conflict was historically unique – 1st total war

7. War on a Grand Scale Armies were conscripted like never before Armies were conscripted like never before Modern technology allowed for lethal arsenals Modern technology allowed for lethal arsenals Leaders who created the war were ruined by the war, ushering in new styles of leadership and dictators as a result Leaders who created the war were ruined by the war, ushering in new styles of leadership and dictators as a result Thereby creating another world conflict 30 years later Thereby creating another world conflict 30 years later

8. What was the impact of this dance? exposed the bankruptcy of long-lasting political institutions exposed the bankruptcy of long-lasting political institutions Readily discredited cultural traditions (by carving new states that were not there before) Readily discredited cultural traditions (by carving new states that were not there before) Generated fundamental military innovation Generated fundamental military innovation Served as a rehearsal for the war that followed less than 30 years later Served as a rehearsal for the war that followed less than 30 years later

9. What was the “official end?” The Versailles Treaty! Did not lay to rest issues that caused the war Sewed the seeds for renewed conflict

10. Why did this whole thing begin?  Assassination of Francis Ferdinand, Archduke Austria, and his wife Sophie, by a Serb in Bosnia, on 28 June 1914 o Serbia viewed Francis Ferdinand as a threat to what they coveted. He advocated ‘Trialism,’ the triple reorganization of the Empire which was now existing in ‘Dualism’

11. How/when did it really begin? 1870? Germans took Alsace and Lorraine, Napoleon III and crushed France’s 2nd Empire – France provoked this war and was defeated without remorse from the Germans Germans took Alsace and Lorraine, Napoleon III and crushed France’s 2nd Empire – France provoked this war and was defeated without remorse from the Germans Seeds of French/German hostility Seeds of French/German hostility Out of the conflict comes France’s 3 rd Republic Out of the conflict comes France’s 3 rd Republic other factors other factors Expanding Industry Expanding Industry Intensifying trade competition for markets abroad (imperialism) Intensifying trade competition for markets abroad (imperialism) Birthrate falling in France, rising in Germany Birthrate falling in France, rising in Germany

12. Or was it 1871? 18 January 1871, Wilhelm I of Prussia was proclaimed Emperor of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles 18 January 1871, Wilhelm I of Prussia was proclaimed Emperor of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles Used to be a loosely group of provincially minded states, now the most powerful nation in Europe, dominated by War-minded Prussia Used to be a loosely group of provincially minded states, now the most powerful nation in Europe, dominated by War-minded Prussia France was demoralized and bankrupt, but recovered quickly France was demoralized and bankrupt, but recovered quickly 1878, visitors saw France as robust at the Paris World’s Fair (Eiffel Tower) 1878, visitors saw France as robust at the Paris World’s Fair (Eiffel Tower)

13. Europe divides! CENTRAL POWERS 1879 - alliance between Germany and Austrio-Hungarian Empire Bismarck sought to solidify borders, not expand 1881 – Wilhelm I (Germany) and Francis Joseph (Austria-Hungary) joined Alexander III (Russia) in the Alliance of 3 Emperors Was a reaction to France’s quick recovery 1882 – Italy joined the 2 Central Powers thereby forming the Triple Alliance, in fear that she would be attacked by France 1887 – Germany refuses to renew an alliance with Russia, who therefore seeks alliance with France Allies: 1891 – Russia and France agree that if attacked they will come to the other’s rescue. By 1893 agreed that they would mobilize should any member of the Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy or Austria- Hungary) attack the other. 1904 – UK becomes semi- attached to Franco-Russian alliance by the entente cordiale with France. In 1912 the govts agreed that if the peace was threatened or one had a reason to feat an unprovoked attack they would consult on what to do. 1904-1905 the Russians fought the Japanese and were humiliated proving their army was inept and leaders were unfit.

14. Questions to ponder Where/when/who started it? Where/when/who started it? What were methods used? What were methods used? How was this unlike any other war the world had seen? How was this unlike any other war the world had seen? What were peacemaking/peacekeeping strategies of the 20 th century (beginning with this war)? What were peacemaking/peacekeeping strategies of the 20 th century (beginning with this war)?

15. Aftermath of Assassination: Germany gives Austria a blank check to deal with Serbia. Germany gives Austria a blank check to deal with Serbia. Britain does not use her influence to prevent war: Britain does not use her influence to prevent war: They did not know about the blank check therefore did not see the magnitude of danger They did not know about the blank check therefore did not see the magnitude of danger Britain was preoccupied with the potential Civil War with Ireland therefore were not looking to commit to a war Britain was preoccupied with the potential Civil War with Ireland therefore were not looking to commit to a war Francis Joseph I 14 Austria Any amount needed Kaiser Wilhelm I The defense of the Central Powers

16. Aftermath of Assassination: 23 July, Austrian Ambassador Baron Vladimir von Giesl demanded that the Serbian Government formally condemn all anti-Austrian propaganda; expel anyone from office who would be fomenting. 23 July, Austrian Ambassador Baron Vladimir von Giesl demanded that the Serbian Government formally condemn all anti-Austrian propaganda; expel anyone from office who would be fomenting. Legal action against the instigators of the Sarajevo plot with free entry into Serbia for Austrian officials who would oversee the investigation Legal action against the instigators of the Sarajevo plot with free entry into Serbia for Austrian officials who would oversee the investigation This affronted Serbian sovereignty but Belgrade was given 48 hours to comply This affronted Serbian sovereignty but Belgrade was given 48 hours to comply Serbia was more yielding in form than in substance, she gave what she could honorably concede but could not agree to Austrians officially waging political warfare against her own soil and for any other points of contention, asked to submit them to the International Tribunal at the Hague. Serbia was more yielding in form than in substance, she gave what she could honorably concede but could not agree to Austrians officially waging political warfare against her own soil and for any other points of contention, asked to submit them to the International Tribunal at the Hague.

17. War is Declared 11am on 28 July 1914, one month from the Sarajevo murders, Austria- Hungary notified Serbia by telegram that she had declared war - 1st thought to be a hoax. 11am on 28 July 1914, one month from the Sarajevo murders, Austria- Hungary notified Serbia by telegram that she had declared war - 1st thought to be a hoax. Austria was unyielding in their demands and went into war as a force to be reckoned with, and Germany would be right behind Austria was unyielding in their demands and went into war as a force to be reckoned with, and Germany would be right behind

18. Because of treaties, everyone must mobilize Russia had the handicap of slow mobilization, with its vast land and inadequate railways Russia had the handicap of slow mobilization, with its vast land and inadequate railways France gave steps for a short mobilization in face of immediate danger where certain reserve forces would be activated while frontier troops readied, horses were reshoed and naval vessels were returned to harbor. France gave steps for a short mobilization in face of immediate danger where certain reserve forces would be activated while frontier troops readied, horses were reshoed and naval vessels were returned to harbor. Russia began with 1.4 million men and built up to 6 million a seemingly inexhaustible army that were mostly unlettered but willing to fight Russia began with 1.4 million men and built up to 6 million a seemingly inexhaustible army that were mostly unlettered but willing to fight Military service was compulsory - 21 to 43 Military service was compulsory - 21 to 43 Guns were modern and fire control was efficient, but technologically backwards Guns were modern and fire control was efficient, but technologically backwards Supply of professionally trained leaders was too small for the masses mobilizing Supply of professionally trained leaders was too small for the masses mobilizing

19. France vs. Germany: French Army was rated 2 nd to German; had utmost confidence in their moral superiority - felt their courage was unmatched French Army was rated 2 nd to German; had utmost confidence in their moral superiority - felt their courage was unmatched Weakness was lightness in artillery establishment Weakness was lightness in artillery establishment 75mm gun was no match for the German 105mm or 150mm 75mm gun was no match for the German 105mm or 150mm French had 300 guns to the Germans’3500 French had 300 guns to the Germans’3500 Aggregated 17K men, of whom 13,300 were foot soldiers Aggregated 17K men, of whom 13,300 were foot soldiers France had 2500 automatic weapons against Germany’s 4500 France had 2500 automatic weapons against Germany’s 4500

20. British Mobilisation: Authority over the seas was unquestioned, with a fleet of 177 to Germany’s 87, much power concentrated in their own waters. Authority over the seas was unquestioned, with a fleet of 177 to Germany’s 87, much power concentrated in their own waters. Only able to take 4 five inch guns per division and 2 machine per infantry battalion Only able to take 4 five inch guns per division and 2 machine per infantry battalion

21. Some Strategy: A new way to make war o Kaiser to his departing troops, “You will be home before the leaves have fallen from the trees.” o On the eastern front - stand where possible, buy time o September 1914, the battle between German and Allied armies along the line of Aisne had trenched itself into immobility

22. Gas Attack: A new way to make peace 22 April 1915, the French were in trenches recovering from 2 days bombardment, heard a distant rumble and saw fog rolling towards them. 22 April 1915, the French were in trenches recovering from 2 days bombardment, heard a distant rumble and saw fog rolling towards them. “It was scarcely higher than the head of a man and it moved as gently as ‘mists seen over water meadows on a frosty night.’” “It was scarcely higher than the head of a man and it moved as gently as ‘mists seen over water meadows on a frosty night.’” Some were transfixed by its beauty. Then gradually it swept over them, visiting slow death, excruciating invalidism, and shock and panic in more than 15K men Some were transfixed by its beauty. Then gradually it swept over them, visiting slow death, excruciating invalidism, and shock and panic in more than 15K men

23. Emission of Chlorine – choke out your opponent The emission of chlorine gas lasted 15 minutes but the poison cloud dropped into the trenches and lingered Where thickest, men died where they stood, retching into unconsciousness. A few saved themselves by urinating on handkerchiefs or shirts and used them as masks. Gas warfare continued and became more complex, therefore all troops had to don a mask and learn anti-gas discipline Also a weapon called a projector that was lobbed into an enemy trench line and exploded By the summer the Germans were using phosgene.Allies decide they have to embark on gas warfare to stay even

24. A World War? A European War? BOTH! Because of imperialism this war spread further than just the immediate countries that were making alliances. Because of imperialism this war spread further than just the immediate countries that were making alliances. Africa soon became involved because the British and French had colonial outposts in the region. Others had claims as well. Africa soon became involved because the British and French had colonial outposts in the region. Others had claims as well.

25. The Ordeal of each nation... Germany could not win a long war because its manpower and reserves were too thin Germany could not win a long war because its manpower and reserves were too thin England was its great adversary, there was no way to get England England was its great adversary, there was no way to get England Plan was to bleed France and cause a collapse of the alliance Plan was to bleed France and cause a collapse of the alliance Targets were Belfort and Verdun Targets were Belfort and Verdun Germans took Verdun with amazing speed and humiliated the British while doing so Germans took Verdun with amazing speed and humiliated the British while doing so

26. France was deceived! Germans had their troops placed in a very narrow front Germans had their troops placed in a very narrow front French were unable to rationalize the irrational, therefore could not make sense of what the Germans were doing. French were unable to rationalize the irrational, therefore could not make sense of what the Germans were doing.

27. England’s Problems Service issues: Service issues: By Jan of 1916 1 million British males entered the service voluntarily, 400K lost in battle By Jan of 1916 1 million British males entered the service voluntarily, 400K lost in battle Lord Derby suggested that on a given day all males of age should register to fight, married men being called after bachelors Lord Derby suggested that on a given day all males of age should register to fight, married men being called after bachelors Many came thinking they would not be called, another million remained home Many came thinking they would not be called, another million remained home 4 months later only another million joined which would not be enough 4 months later only another million joined which would not be enough 1916 was the year that the French, Russians and British decided they would roll back the Germans and end the war 1916 was the year that the French, Russians and British decided they would roll back the Germans and end the war

28. The Battle of Verdun 21 February 1916 shells came down at 100K an hour, obliterating the French 21 February 1916 shells came down at 100K an hour, obliterating the French Survivors fled to the woods to die among splintered ruins Survivors fled to the woods to die among splintered ruins By 2 nd day, 1200 British command force had dwindled to 7 wounded Lieutenants and 100 Chasseurs By 2 nd day, 1200 British command force had dwindled to 7 wounded Lieutenants and 100 Chasseurs Germans crossed over expecting to see rows of corpses, instead were met with rows of ashen soldiers pumping away at their rifles. Germans crossed over expecting to see rows of corpses, instead were met with rows of ashen soldiers pumping away at their rifles. By 24 February 1916, Verdun was in imminent danger By 24 February 1916, Verdun was in imminent danger

29. The Real Heroes of Verdun

30. The Battle of Somme – redemption and death Somme had to be fought to redeem the French from Verdun, though the losses were insurmountable. Somme had to be fought to redeem the French from Verdun, though the losses were insurmountable. The British soldiers were fresh conscripts who never saw battle The British soldiers were fresh conscripts who never saw battle On 1 July 1916, French/English jumped from trenches into the unknown On 1 July 1916, French/English jumped from trenches into the unknown By the end of the day 60K lost but no ground was won By the end of the day 60K lost but no ground was won Casualties were about the same on both ends but British birthed the tank, something that could move on caterpillar treads. Casualties were about the same on both ends but British birthed the tank, something that could move on caterpillar treads. By the fall the 1 st platoon of tanks was going over the top By the fall the 1 st platoon of tanks was going over the top The war would last another 2 years but nothing equaled Verdun or Somme The war would last another 2 years but nothing equaled Verdun or Somme

31. Some images of the Somme

32. Why did the US hold off? The US tried to remain neutral while mediating an end to the conflict The US tried to remain neutral while mediating an end to the conflict Wilson’s Administration openly favored England and France, though would not engage in combat until 6 April 1917. Wilson’s Administration openly favored England and France, though would not engage in combat until 6 April 1917. Up until this point the US was not affected too much Up until this point the US was not affected too much

33. All that changes in 1917 Germany planted 2 time bombs that would bring America into full scale war Germany planted 2 time bombs that would bring America into full scale war Kaiser Wilhelm I sent orders for unrestricted submarine warfare to begin. Kaiser Wilhelm I sent orders for unrestricted submarine warfare to begin. Zimmermann note - said that if America entered the war, the German ambassador was to approach the Mexican govt. and offer an alliance Zimmermann note - said that if America entered the war, the German ambassador was to approach the Mexican govt. and offer an alliance

34. What does Mexico have to do with any of this? In late 1915, Pancho Villa expected US support in order to obtain the presidency in Mexico. In late 1915, Pancho Villa expected US support in order to obtain the presidency in Mexico. Instead US recognized the new government of Carranza. Instead US recognized the new government of Carranza. Villa retaliated and swore revenge on the US. Villa retaliated and swore revenge on the US. The Zimmermann note was a way to pit the US concentration on Mexico and force them to get involved in the war. The Zimmermann note was a way to pit the US concentration on Mexico and force them to get involved in the war. It made headlines on 1 March 1917. It made headlines on 1 March 1917.

35. Former President T. Roosevelt on the war: “There is no question about going to war, Germany is already at war with us.” “There is no question about going to war, Germany is already at war with us.” On 16 March 1917 American ships were torpedoed by U- boats. On 16 March 1917 American ships were torpedoed by U- boats. Also the day Tsar Nicholas II abdicated from his throne Also the day Tsar Nicholas II abdicated from his throne On 6 April 1917, the US declared war on Germany. On 6 April 1917, the US declared war on Germany.

36. And now a few words from W.W. “There is one choice we can not make, we are incapable of making; we will not choose the path of submission.” “There is one choice we can not make, we are incapable of making; we will not choose the path of submission.” “The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be founded upon the trusted foundations of political liberty.” “The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be founded upon the trusted foundations of political liberty.” “It’s not an army that we must shape and train for war. It is a nation.” (easier said than done.) “It’s not an army that we must shape and train for war. It is a nation.” (easier said than done.)

37. OK, so Wilson agrees to go to war....... He still has to have the House and Senate vote He still has to have the House and Senate vote At 3am on 6 April the Senate voted 82 to 6 and the House 373 to 50. At 3am on 6 April the Senate voted 82 to 6 and the House 373 to 50. The only Congresswoman of the time, Jeannette Rankin of Montana whispered a ‘No’ The only Congresswoman of the time, Jeannette Rankin of Montana whispered a ‘No’ She did the same on WWII when she was the ONLY ‘no.’ She did the same on WWII when she was the ONLY ‘no.’

38. The US gears up for war... Though the vote to go to war was agreed upon, how they were going to get there was not yet fully thought out. Though the vote to go to war was agreed upon, how they were going to get there was not yet fully thought out. One had to get the army ready for the field which was no easy task. One had to get the army ready for the field which was no easy task. Training requirements and standard of discipline was almost to point of harshness. Training requirements and standard of discipline was almost to point of harshness. Few married men were taken by draft boards; marriage was a good way to ‘dodge the draft.’ Few married men were taken by draft boards; marriage was a good way to ‘dodge the draft.’ Leave was only granted if a dire emergency was at home. Drill field work, inspection and review filled 6 days. First call was 5:30 am and work ended at 5:30 pm Once the troops were strengthened, 20 mile hikes over unpaved roads were not uncommon. Government gave troops nothing but the clothes on their back, bedding, a toothbrush and a safety razor.

39. Some wartime figures.... Before the war ended over 337K men were classified as deserters and in the final count over 163K were apprehended Before the war ended over 337K men were classified as deserters and in the final count over 163K were apprehended There was still trouble with the railroads There was still trouble with the railroads Growth of exports with little imports choked yards in the East Growth of exports with little imports choked yards in the East New York braced for a coal less winter New York braced for a coal less winter 200 ships lay idle waiting for fuel 200 ships lay idle waiting for fuel Newspapers cried that something had to be done....and it was Wilson took over the railroads under the Army Appropriations Act, and gave his Secretary of Treasury (and son-in-law) full authority over wage scales, rates, routings and finance.

40. Every good show must have media! George Creel was brought to Washington as the chief propagandist for the Government. George Creel was brought to Washington as the chief propagandist for the Government. He was the mouthpiece that coined most of the war slogans. (Classwork... Find me three slogans coined by this man regarding World War I.) He was the mouthpiece that coined most of the war slogans. (Classwork... Find me three slogans coined by this man regarding World War I.) His office was the oracle for dispensing war news. His office was the oracle for dispensing war news.

41. The Home Front Nearly 600 women were in the armed forces by the end of 1917

42. And the war continues 6 April 1917, after Wilson campaigned under “He kept us out of the war,” the US is in the conflict. 6 April 1917, after Wilson campaigned under “He kept us out of the war,” the US is in the conflict. By 16 April, Lenin reached Petrograd and the Bolshevik revolution was underway! By 16 April, Lenin reached Petrograd and the Bolshevik revolution was underway! By 26 November, Trotsky appealed to Germany for negotiations. By 26 November, Trotsky appealed to Germany for negotiations.

43. Goodbye Russia (as we knew it)... Foreign Commissioner to the New Government, Trotsky said to Allied Ambassadors, “We don’t want a separate peace, but peace we must have and if we can’t seek it together, the blame is on you.” Foreign Commissioner to the New Government, Trotsky said to Allied Ambassadors, “We don’t want a separate peace, but peace we must have and if we can’t seek it together, the blame is on you.” Nicolas II had abdicated, his family was arrested and exiled to Siberia. Nicolas II had abdicated, his family was arrested and exiled to Siberia. In 1918 the family was shot by the Bolsheviks and the Romanov Dynasty was a memory. In 1918 the family was shot by the Bolsheviks and the Romanov Dynasty was a memory.

44. Russia was losing badly... For every 3 soldiers there was 1 gun For every 3 soldiers there was 1 gun Men were starving and would use bullets to shoot a rabbit and then eat it raw Men were starving and would use bullets to shoot a rabbit and then eat it raw Food riots were breaking out all over Russia Food riots were breaking out all over Russia They had to exit the war They had to exit the war Germany was willing to negotiate terms Germany took enough of Poland for there to be a buffer zone between the countries, the rest would go to Austria Lithuania would go to the House of Hohenzollern along with the armies, being transformed into German Duchies and lieges of the Kaiser.

45. 12 December 1917 Tentative agreement of the terms of the armistice. Tentative agreement of the terms of the armistice. It was signed 3 days later to run for one month It was signed 3 days later to run for one month In March of 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk would be signed after months of bitter negotiations, which would then be flouted by the Versailles Treaty. In March of 1918, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk would be signed after months of bitter negotiations, which would then be flouted by the Versailles Treaty.

46. Son-of-a-Preacher(man) – 14 Commandments? Son-of-a-Preacher(man) – 14 Commandments? Turn to pages 120 and 121 and look at Wilson’s 14 Points Turn to pages 120 and 121 and look at Wilson’s 14 Points What does each term mean? What does each term mean? What are some issues that come to mind with #5? What are some issues that come to mind with #5? Why is #8 going to anger the Germans? Why is #8 going to anger the Germans? Number 13, why is this a problem? Number 13, why is this a problem? What is #14 referring to? What is #14 referring to?

47. After a while, everyone grew tired of war... By 1918, Russia pulled out, the Allies were winning, and Germany was tired of fighting. By 1918, Russia pulled out, the Allies were winning, and Germany was tired of fighting. By 8 November 1918, Germany was willing to surrender unconditionally. By 8 November 1918, Germany was willing to surrender unconditionally. Allies decided on 11am, 11 November, the war would end. Allies decided on 11am, 11 November, the war would end. Kaiser Wilhelm, “I will wait here in Spa for the armistice, and then return home at the head of my army.” “Sir, you no longer have an army. The army will march home in peace. But it no longer stands behind Your Majesty.” The German Empire is no more. Hindenburg warned the Kaiser, “I must advise Your Majesty to abdicate and to proceed to Holland.” Wilhelm’s response, “And now I must have a cup of good, hot, strong tea, yes, make it English.”

48. The soldier’s reaction to the end of war... “Men stood mute, mouths wide open, as if awaiting some terrible renunciation, then broke into tears and laughter that subsided, to be followed by wild cheering as they shook hands, slapped one another on the back, and then stood straight to walk hesitantly into the open.” “Men stood mute, mouths wide open, as if awaiting some terrible renunciation, then broke into tears and laughter that subsided, to be followed by wild cheering as they shook hands, slapped one another on the back, and then stood straight to walk hesitantly into the open.”

49. So the war is over?... The 1 st Part is, please join us again on 1 September 1939. The last shot was fired at 6am, Eastern Standard Time. The last shot was fired at 6am, Eastern Standard Time. Wilson, “The Armistice was signed this morning. Everything which America fought for has been accomplished. It will now be our fortunate duty to assist by example.” Wilson, “The Armistice was signed this morning. Everything which America fought for has been accomplished. It will now be our fortunate duty to assist by example.”

50. In Germany... Lose a Kaiser, Gain a Nazi! In Berlin, by order of Prince Max, placards were placed at every kiosk and street corner announcing that Wilhelm II had abdicated. In Berlin, by order of Prince Max, placards were placed at every kiosk and street corner announcing that Wilhelm II had abdicated. Mobs went through the city looking for soldiers to strip them of their decorations. Mobs went through the city looking for soldiers to strip them of their decorations.

51. Corporal Hitler upon hearing the Armistice He did his accustomed stand in the wooden sentry box. What went on in his mind no one really knows. He did his accustomed stand in the wooden sentry box. What went on in his mind no one really knows.

52. In the end... Almost 10 million men and women were killed in the fighting Almost 10 million men and women were killed in the fighting More than 6 million crippled for life More than 6 million crippled for life There was some illusion that all of humanity would profit from this great lesson. There was some illusion that all of humanity would profit from this great lesson.

53. World War I statistics: Russia – 12 million mobilized, 1.7 million dead Russia – 12 million mobilized, 1.7 million dead France – 8.4 million mobilized, 1.4 million dead France – 8.4 million mobilized, 1.4 million dead Brit Emp.-8.9 million mobilized, 1 million dead Brit Emp.-8.9 million mobilized, 1 million dead US – 4.3 million mobilized, 100K dead US – 4.3 million mobilized, 100K dead Total – 42.1 million mobilized, 5.1 million dead Total – 42.1 million mobilized, 5.1 million dead Germany-11 million mobilized, 1.7 million dead Germany-11 million mobilized, 1.7 million dead Austria-Hungary – 7.8 million mobilized, 1.2 million dead Austria-Hungary – 7.8 million mobilized, 1.2 million dead 65 million mobilized, 8.5 million dead 65 million mobilized, 8.5 million dead

54. And Versailles was the answer.. Germany was defeated, therefore passive. Germany was defeated, therefore passive. What was imposed on them would lead to resentment. What was imposed on them would lead to resentment. The blockade was maintained, long after fighting had ceased. The blockade was maintained, long after fighting had ceased. Suffering of old and children did not cease. Suffering of old and children did not cease. Overseas mail and food service did not improve in the 1 st months of peace. Wounded men were taken from base hospitals while still recovering, taken to forwarding camps and forgotten. Influenza was raging and the last arriving troops brought 40% of their men with the flu.

55. America during the Flu Pandemic

56. Wilson goes to Europe! Clemenceau of France, - Wilson would try “to settle the destinies of nations by empiricism and idealism.” Clemenceau of France, - Wilson would try “to settle the destinies of nations by empiricism and idealism.” Wilson had already appealed to the opposing Republican party for Congressional elections, but when they won anyway, he overlooked its eminent members when planning his trip abroad. Wilson had already appealed to the opposing Republican party for Congressional elections, but when they won anyway, he overlooked its eminent members when planning his trip abroad.

57. How the winners stack up... France was the biggest loser of the Allies France was the biggest loser of the Allies Her exchange was falling on the world markets Her exchange was falling on the world markets Lost most human life, and suffered most property damage Lost most human life, and suffered most property damage Railways were worn and overburdened by reparations Railways were worn and overburdened by reparations Port facilities were in shambles Port facilities were in shambles Once it was clear that Germany lost, they wrecked the coal mines in the north of France that they planned on gaining in victory The deliberate vandalism would cloud Clemenceau’s view when dealing with the Germans (earned nickname ‘The Tiger.’) He was determined to lay waste to Germany

58. 18 January 1919 Conference of 70 delegates of 27 countries (not Germany) assembled without getting to business Conference of 70 delegates of 27 countries (not Germany) assembled without getting to business Wilson’s speech told that the League of Nations was an integral part of the peace treaty. Wilson’s speech told that the League of Nations was an integral part of the peace treaty. Lloyd George said that only men who had seen the devastation of France were prepared for the task at hand. Lloyd George said that only men who had seen the devastation of France were prepared for the task at hand. Orlando of Italy threatened that Italy would withdraw if Wilson did not modify his ideas. Orlando of Italy threatened that Italy would withdraw if Wilson did not modify his ideas. Wilson felt the others were too harsh and the others felt Wilson was too soft. Wilson felt the others were too harsh and the others felt Wilson was too soft.

59. As a result... This was the 1 st time in modern history of Europe that the Great Powers acted in radical spirit. This was the 1 st time in modern history of Europe that the Great Powers acted in radical spirit.

60. There was no progress in establishing peace with Germany. Dread of German militarism survived and had principles of 1919 been applied to 1914 and the Kaiser’s Empire, the terms would have been fitting. Dread of German militarism survived and had principles of 1919 been applied to 1914 and the Kaiser’s Empire, the terms would have been fitting. Germany 1914 – armed to the teeth, worshipping the Kaiser b/c of his saber- rattling, contemptuous of democracy, organized for war, strong industry, prosperous. Germany 1919 – militarily bankrupt, trying to make democracy work under semi- socialism, half-starving people, industry flattened, commerce gone

61. And the debate raged on.... The Japanese wanted to add, “endorsed the principal of the equality of nations and the just treatment of individuals.” The Japanese wanted to add, “endorsed the principal of the equality of nations and the just treatment of individuals.” This was aimed at the American Exclusion Act that aimed to keep Japanese and Chinese out of America during the late 19 th century. It was not taken off the books yet. This was aimed at the American Exclusion Act that aimed to keep Japanese and Chinese out of America during the late 19 th century. It was not taken off the books yet. Clemenceau and Wilson were not speaking. Clemenceau regarding Wilson, “How can I talk to a fellow who thinks himself the 1 st man for 2000 years who has known anything about peace on Earth. Wilson imagines he’s the 2 nd Messiah.”

62. Germany was left out... The vanquished nations were not represented while “peace” was being hammered out – the conference was a victor’s brawl over spoils. The vanquished nations were not represented while “peace” was being hammered out – the conference was a victor’s brawl over spoils. Germany who was formerly the great producer of the continent was deprived of industry and energy, therefore Europe had no chance of recovery.Europe strangled itself after the war, even the victorious nations gained nothing. Germany who was formerly the great producer of the continent was deprived of industry and energy, therefore Europe had no chance of recovery.Europe strangled itself after the war, even the victorious nations gained nothing.

63. Still in talks in March 25 March 1919 – the Council of Ten gives way to Council of Four; Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau and Orlando 25 March 1919 – the Council of Ten gives way to Council of Four; Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau and Orlando In the end, Germany would be forced to sign the treaty. In the end, Germany would be forced to sign the treaty. (please refer to page 472 of your book for a map of Post- War Europe) (please refer to page 472 of your book for a map of Post- War Europe) What did signing mean for Germany? She caused the war Turn over Kaiser and other national leaders for trials as war criminals Pay for all civilian damages suffered by Allies, with a $5 billion down payment by 1 May 1921 Germans put name to blank check that would cover the estimate of the Allies, $32 billion This was never collected

64. Many saw the dangers... Herbert Hoover, when seeing the terms said, “We agreed that it was terrible and we would do what we could to make the dangers clear.” Herbert Hoover, when seeing the terms said, “We agreed that it was terrible and we would do what we could to make the dangers clear.” Lloyd George was having 2 nd thoughts and asked his colleagues to back down and cut reparations, allow Germany to enter the League, and revise eastern frontiers – this time Wilson refused to yield. Lloyd George was having 2 nd thoughts and asked his colleagues to back down and cut reparations, allow Germany to enter the League, and revise eastern frontiers – this time Wilson refused to yield.

65. Where do the Germans go from here? They have to return to Paris and sign to get blockade lifted. They have to return to Paris and sign to get blockade lifted. There were mass protests from the German public There were mass protests from the German public A delegations of 2ndary figures went to Versailles. A delegations of 2ndary figures went to Versailles. 21 June, the papers were finished and parades formed and champagne flowed like water. 21 June, the papers were finished and parades formed and champagne flowed like water.

66. The League of Nations The US wouldn’t join The US wouldn’t join Wilson snubbed the Republican majority Congress therefore they wanted to know nothing Wilson snubbed the Republican majority Congress therefore they wanted to know nothing The fact that stated if one country went to war the others would aid to defense, made American’s leery; they did not want to be dragged into another European war The fact that stated if one country went to war the others would aid to defense, made American’s leery; they did not want to be dragged into another European war In the end, Wilson’s idea of the League of Nations was joined by European Nations, never the United States. In the end, Wilson’s idea of the League of Nations was joined by European Nations, never the United States.

67. End of 1 War, Beginning of Another Germany struggled to recover, was plunged into a depression and by 1933 Hitler was in power (turn to pages 481-483) Germany struggled to recover, was plunged into a depression and by 1933 Hitler was in power (turn to pages 481-483) Victor Emmanuel III was no longer and Italy became Fascist, ushered in by Benito Mussolini Victor Emmanuel III was no longer and Italy became Fascist, ushered in by Benito Mussolini The Tsars were history and Lenin ushered in Communism, followed by Stalin The Tsars were history and Lenin ushered in Communism, followed by Stalin The US went into Depression by 1929, after 10 years of glitz and glamour The US went into Depression by 1929, after 10 years of glitz and glamour Spain broke out into Civil War in 1936 Spain broke out into Civil War in 1936 That same year, Britain’s depression got so bad the coalminers were on strike, damaging their own property in protest. That same year, Britain’s depression got so bad the coalminers were on strike, damaging their own property in protest. No wonder this all happened again! No wonder this all happened again!