2.  Religion and Reform Movements

3.  Similar to 1 st Great Awakening of colonial America New religions (Methodists, Baptists, 7 th Day Adventists, Church of Latter Day Saints) Influenced new reform movements (temperence, abolition, women’s rights, education) 2 nd Great Awakening

4.  American Temperance Societies emerged throughout the U.S. urging drinkers to give up alcohol Temperance Movement Movement influenced by popular book, Ten Nights in a Bar Room and What I Saw There Maine became the first “dry” state in America in 1851 18 th Amendment passed in 1920

5.  Seneca Falls Convention organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Wrote The Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence Stated that “all men and women are created equal” Women’s Rights

6.  New focus on providing tax-supported public education to all children Horace Mann argued the key to improving U.S. society was through better education; uneducated children would be a future liability for U.S. Education Reform Horace Mann Established state normal schools to train teachers Noah Webster Standardized American English Developed readers and grammar books William H. McGuffey Created popular readers with lessons that focused on morality and patriotism Sold 122 million copies

7.  American Antislavery Society created in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison, a Quaker from New England Membership reached 250, 000 nationwide Argued the slavery was immoral and slave holders were evil Garrison printed the first abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator Abolitionist Movement

8.  Art and Literature

9.  The Hudson River School was America's first true artistic fraternity. The name was coined to identify a group of New York City-based landscape painters that emerged in the 1850s and remained popular to the turn of the century. Hudson River School Romantic depictions of the American Landscape

10.  Hudson River School

11.  They were critics of contemporary society for its unthinking conformity, and urged that each individual find, in Emerson's words, “an original relation to the universe.” Transcendentalists Philosophical movement that emerged in the 1830s and 1840s led by writers predominantly from the Northeast United States Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau

12.  Transcendentalists Walt Whitman America’s Poet Laureate of Democracy

13.  Knickerbocker Literary Group Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and William Cullen Bryant Sought to promote a genuinely American national culture

14.  Utopian Experiments Disillusioned by the materialism of the new industrialized society, reformers set up more than 40 utopian communities throughout America in the 1800s.

15.  Utopian Movement Oneida Colony Free Love Eugenics Gender Equality Shakers Celibacy Simplicity