1. UNDER-WATER WELDING RAHID.C NO: 515 S8 PE

2. INTRODUCTION Underwater welding is an important tool for underwater fabrication works. In 1946, special waterproof electrodes were developed in Holland by ‘Vander Willingen'’. In recent years the number of offshore structures including oil drilling rigs, pipelines, platforms are being installed significantly.

3. CLASSIFICATION Under water welding can be classified as : i. Wet welding ii. Dry welding

4. WET WELDING  Key technology for repairing marine structure  Welding is performed under water directly exposed to the wet environment  Increased freedom movement makes more effective, efficient and economical  Supply is connected to the welder/driver via cables or hoses

5.  Complete insulation of the cables and hoses are essential in case to prevent the chance for electric shock  MMA (Manual Metal Arc) welding is commonly used process in the repair of offshore platforms.

6. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The work is connected to the positive side of dc source and electrode to the negative The two parts of the circuit are brought together and then slightly separated An electric current occurs in the gap and causes a sustained spark which melts the bare metal forming a weld pool

7. The flux covering the electrode melts to provide a shielding gas. Arc burns in the cavity formed inside the flux covering, which is designed to burn slower than the metal barrel to the electrode

8. Advantages  The versatility and low cost.  Less costlier than dry welding.  Speed with which it is carried out  No enclosures so no time is lost for building.

9. Disadvantages  Rapid quenching of the weld metal by the surrounding water.  Welders working under water are restricted in manipulating arc.  Hydrogen embrittlement causes cracks.  Poor visibility due to water contaminance.

10. DRY WELDING A chamber is created near the area to be welded and the welder does the job by staying inside the chamber. It produces high quality weld joints. The gas-tungsten arc welding process is used mostly for pipe works Gas metal arc welding is the best process for this welding.

11. CLASSIFICATION OF DRY WELDING There are two basic types of dry welding : i. Hyperbaric welding ii. Cavity welding

12. Hyper baric welding:- It is carried out in chamber sealed around the structure to be welded The chamber is filled with a gas at the prevailing pressure, to push water back The welder fitted with breathing mask and other protective devices on the pipe line Mask filled with a breathable mixture of helium and oxygen in the habitat The area under the floor of the habitat is open to water, so hyper baric welding is termed as “HABITATWELDING”

13. Limitation:- As depth increase pressure also increases, it affects both for driver and welding process

14. Cavity welding:- Cavity welding is another approach to weld in water free environment Conventional arrangements for feeding wire and shielding gas Introducing cavity gas and the whole is surrounded by a trumpet shaped nozzle through which high velocity conical jet of water passes. It avoids the need for a habitat chamber and it lends itself to automatic and remote control. The process is very suitable for flat structures

15. Advantages:-  Welder/diver safety  Good quality weld  Surface monitoring  Non destructive testing

16. Disadvantages:-  The habitat welding requires large quantities of complex equipment and much support equipment on the surface  Cost is extremely high

17. RISKS V/S PRECAUTIONS Risk of electric shock so achieving electrical insulation of electrical welding equipments Hydrogen and oxygen are produced by the arc in wet welding are potentially explosion so precaution must be taken to avoid the build up of pockets of gas The life or health of the welder will be in risk from nitrogen introduce into the blood stream, precautions include the provision of an emergency air or gas applied

18. Scope of further developments Hyper baric welding is well established and generally well researched. Research being carried out for welding at a range of 500 to 1000m deep. THOR-1 (Tig Hyperbaric Orbital Robot) is developed where diver performs pipe fitting, installs the tracks and orbital head on the pipe and rest process is automated.

19. APPLICATIONS  Offshore construction for tapping sea resources  Temporary repair work caused by ship’s collisions, unexpected accidents  Salvaging vessels sunk in the sea  Repair and maintenance of ships  Construction of large ships beyond the capacity of existing docks

21. CONCLUSION Alternatives which include clamped and grouted repairs (which may introduce unacceptably high loading on offshore structures) and the use of bolted flanges for the tie-ins are not necessarily and are not always satisfactory

22. REFERENCES www.twi.com www.aws.com Production Technology- O.P.Khanna www.howstuffworks.com

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