2. INTRODUCTION FLIP FLOPS: Flip flop is the basic memory element in a digital computer. It is used to store one bit of information with a 0 (or) 1. It is also called the Binary (or) Toggle or Latch

3. Characteristics of Flip flops It is a bistable device. The circuit has only two stables states 0 and 1. It responds to inputs. It is retains its state until some signal causes it to change state. It is a basis for information storage The flip flop has two outputs. One input is the complement of other.

4. TYPES OF FLIP FLOPS  RS-FLIP FLOP (RESET-SET FLIP FLOP)  D-FLIP FLOP  JK-FLIP FLOP  T-FLIP FLOP

5. RS-FLIP FLOP RS-flip flop consists of three inputs S(set),R(Reset) and C(Clock). It has an output Q and a complements output Q’ S C R Q Q’ SRQ(t+1) 00Q(t)No change 010Clear 101Set to 1 11?indetermin ate

6. D-Flip Flop The D flip flop is a flip flop with a single data input D and a clock input C. therefore it is called Data flip flop Truth Table Logic Symbol D C Q Q’ DQ(t+1) 00Clear to 0 11Set to 1

7. JK-Flip Flop The JK –Flip Flop consists of J and K and consists of Clock C and output of Q and Q’ Logic SymbolTruth Table J K Q Q’ C JKQ(t+1) 00Q(t)No change 010Clear 101Set to 1 11Q’(t)complement

8. T-Flip Flop T –Flip Flop is also know as Toggle Flip Flop. The toggle mode of operation of Jk Flip Flop is used as T Flip Flop Logic Symbol Truth Table T C Q Q’ TQ(t+1) 0Q(t)No change 1Q(t)Complement

9. Registers A Registers consists of a group of Flip flops & Gates that effect their transition. The flip flops hold the binary information & the gates control when & how new information is transformer into the register

10. clock I0 I1 I2 I3 A0 A1 A2 A3 D C Q D C D C D C Q Q Q 4-bit Registers with D-Flip Flop

11. Register Load The transfer of new information into a register in called “loading the register” if all the bits of the register are loaded simultaneously with a common clock pulse transitions. The loading is done in parallel