1. I NDIAN P HILOSOPHY AT A G LANCE --- A Lecture for B.A Part-I (Hons & Genl) students By: Prof. Shampa Das Gupta Associate Professor Dept. of Philosophy Maheshtala College

2. Indian Schools of Philosophy Heterodox or Nastika Orthodox or Astika Do not believe in authority of Vedas Believe and accept the authority of Vedas

3. T HE H ETERODOX S CHOOLS OF I NDIAN P HILOSOPHY 1. Carvaka (The Materialist School) 2. Jaina (The Spiritualist School) 3. Bauddha (The Spiritualist School)

4. C ARVAKA S CHOOL Perception is the only source of valid knowledge Inference and Testimony cannot be regarded valid source of knowledge World is made of four, not five elements namely air, fire water and earth. Soul is nothing more than this conscious living body Pleasure or happiness is the ideal or highest goal of life

5. T HE ORTHODOX S CHOOL 1. Nyaya 2. Vaisesika 3. Samkhya 4. Yoga 5. Mimamsa 6. Vedanta All the schools are spiritualists. All believe in the existence of the Self beyond body

6. J AINA & B AUDDHA P HILOSOPHY The founder of Jainism are 24 liberated teachers,last of which Mahavira The founder of Buddhism is Gautam Buddha Both the schools are spiritualist though do not believe in the authority of Vedas

7. T HE ORTHODOX SCHOOLS Nyaya - Vaisesika, Samkhya – Yoga, Mimamsa – Vedanta are the six orthodox schools All the schools are spiritualists who believe in Soul beyond the body, life after death, rebirth All schools hold ignorance of reality is the cause of our bondage and sufferings. Liberation, i.e. total cessation from sufferings cannot be achieved without the knowledge of reality, the real nature of world and Self All agree in holding that like perception inference is also valid source of knowledge or pramana

8. S OME BASIC CONCEPTS Prama – The valid cognition without any doubt. To know the flower as flower certainly is Prama Pramana – The instrument or source of such knowledge.

9. D IFFERENT P RAMANAS ADMITTED BY H ETERODOX SCHOOL SchoolsAdmitted pramanasNo. of pramanas 1. CarvakasPerception 1 2. BauddhaPerception & inference2 3. JainaPerception, inference &testimony3

10. SchoolsAdmitted PramanasNo. of Pramanas 4. NyayaPerception, Inference Comparison & Testimony 4 5. VaisesikaPerception & Inference2 6. SamkhyaPerception, Inference & Testimony3 7. YogaPerception, Inference& Testimony3 8. MimamsaPerception, Inference& Testimony,Postulation,Non-existence Gr i: 6 Gr ii: 5 9. VedantaPerception, Inference& Testimony,Postulation,Non-existence Gr i: 6 Gr ii: 3

11. Thank You