1. Workbook for Type as a Tool for Understanding Personal and Professional Relationships RULE XVI January 22, 2016 Presented by David Popp, RULE VI davepopp@psu.edu

2. Case Studies

3. Two Possible Insights from MBTI How you affect others - You hold power over the lives of those with whom you interact because your actions affect their worlds. Be aware of that power and recognize the possible impact you have on colleagues, friends, and family. How others affect you - Understand and appreciate why others behave differently from you. 3

4. Goals for this morning Provide information about a tool (type theory) that helps us to understand individual differences Practice using that tool to understand ourselves and others Identify ways to use differences constructively 4

5. Objective 1 Introduce type theory and the four dichotomies that make up psychological type as measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) 5

6. What is Type Theory? Type theory can be thought of as a system to help understand some aspects of human behavior by understanding the interactions of four behavior dichotomies. Based on the theories of Carl Jung (1875-1661) and Catherine Briggs (1875-1968) & Isabel Briggs Myers (1897-1960). We all have all these characteristics, but express them in varying degrees. Type theory attempts to identify our preference within each dichotomy and rank our facility with four preferences called functions. 6

7. Jung’s Theory Jung believed that preferences are innate, “inborn predispositions.” He also recognized that our innate preferences interact with and are shaped by environmental influences: Family Country Education and many others 7 http://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/1955/1101550214_400.jpg

8. Jung’s Theory Identified three pairs of opposites that contribute to personality. Like our right and left hands, we use both sides of each pair, but one is our natural preference. Jung believed that our preferences do not change—they stay the same over our lifetime. What changes is how we use our preferences and often the accuracy with which we can measure the preferences. The confounding variable—environment! Katherine Briggs add a fourth dichotomy to the theory 8

9. Added a fourth dichotomy to the theory and developed further to explain characteristics of 16 distinct personality types. Used the theory to develop an assessment of type 9 http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vUq9xhATcOs/VTAdFGjsuTI/AAAAAAAAE5I/zlWjmtnMgvY/s1600/MyersBriggs.png

10. Extraversion or Introversion The direction in which we focus our Attention and energy Introduction to Type ®, p. 9 10

11. Extraversion or Introversion Introduction to Type ® and Change, pp. 4–5 11

12. Extraversion (E) vs. Introversion (I) Extraversion and introversion are the most familiar of the dichotomies. They describe a preference for for using your energy. Extraverts turn their efforts to the outer world including people, objects, and ideas. They are interested in interacting with the world. Introverts turn their efforts inward. Their energy is used to interpret the world more than interact with it. Introverts aren’t looking for action, and they want understand how action they do experience fits into their world. As a result, they can develop strong belief systems. Introverts can be quiet but stubborn if you conflict with their personal beliefs. E/I is frequently misinterpreted. 12

13. E–I People who prefer Extraversion: Focus their energy and attention outward Are interested in the world of people and things People who prefer Introversion: Focus their energy and attention inward Are interested in the inner world of thoughts and reflections We all use both preferences, but usually not with equal comfort. 13

14. Where People Focus Their Attention Introduction to Type ®, p. 9 Prefer to communicate in writing Extraverted (E) Types Prefer to communicate by talking Learn best through doing or discussing Have broad interests Sociable and expressive Readily take initiative in work and relationships Attuned to external environment Work out ideas by talking them through Introverted (I) Types Drawn to their inner world Learn best by reflection, mental “practice” Work out ideas by reflecting on them Focus in depth on their interests Private and contained Take initiative when the situation or issue is very important to them 14

15. ExtravertsIntroverts Good mixersQuiet and reserved Enjoy interacting with groupsPrefer to interact with a few people at at time People get to know them pretty quickly It takes a little time for people to get to know them HeartyQuiet TalkativeReserved ActiveReflective Think about how they can affect the outside world Think about how the world affects them Describing E’s and I’s

16. Some Key Words Associated with Extraversion Action Outward People Interaction Many Expressive Do-Think-Do Introversion Reflection Inward Privacy Concentration Few Quiet Think-Do-Think 16

17. E–I Examples Extraverts are more talkative, energetic, and overtly enthusiastic about the task. Introverts are more reflective, may not show their enthusiasm outwardly. Extraverts answer questions immediately. Introverts are quiet when first asked a question. Extraverts interrupt one another. Introverts wait to see who will answer. Extraverts may sit closer to each other. Introverts may keep more physical distance. 17

18. We Have a Preference We all do Extraverted and Introverted things. But we usually do not do them with equal comfort. Most of us have a preference for one over the other. 18

19. It’s hard to know what is going on with introverts. In general, I’s may be more outwardly compliant than E’s but it’s harder to know what’s going on with the I’s. E’s are more expressive. I’s will tend to personalize problems more than E’s. They are more aware of how your actions affect them. Introverts can be more intense in their dislike of a colleague or co-worker because they think more about how that person’s actions affect them. If you offend an introvert, they will remember. Introverts don’t want anyone arranging their personal world. (Solution giving) 19

20. Class E/I Types

21. Are there opportunities for conflict or misunderstanding? E Sometimes needs to recharge in a similar manner to an Introvert I Needs to be alone to recharge When charged can step in to an extraversion role Wanting/needing to be alone is not a reflection on of a second party, it is just a need to process 21

22. Judging or Perceiving Our attitude toward the external world and how we orient ourselves to it (Briggs) Introduction to Type ®, p. 10 22

23. J–P People who prefer Judging: Want the external world to be organized and orderly Look at the world and see decisions that need to be made People who prefer Perceiving: Seek to experience the world, not organize it Look at the world and see options that need to be explored We all use both attitudes, but usually not with equal comfort. 23

24. Judging or Perceiving 24

25. Other Attributes of the Perceiving (P) vs. Judging (J) Attitude The perceiving vs. judging dichotomy describes a preference for closure. Perceiving is a preference for openness and to take in more information. The perceiver could be described as more of an explorer. Judging is a preference for evaluating a situation or coming to a conclusion. People with the judging orientation come to closure quickly while perceivers tend to be more open ended. 25

26. How People Approach Life Introduction to Type ®, p. 10 Flexible Judging (J) Types Organize their lives Methodical Make short- and long-term plans Like to have things decided Scheduled Systematic Perceiving (P) Types Spontaneous Casual Like things loose and open to change Feel energized by last-minute pressures Open-ended Adapt, change course Try to avoid last-minute stresses 26

27. JudgersPerceivers Prefer to follow a schedulePrefer to go with the flow Plan activities in advanceWait to see what happens and then make plan Can plan a job and complete it according to plan without external support. Are better able to complete a job when deadlines are imposed. Organize tasks before startingDive in and find out what is necessary as they go along SystematicSpontaneous DecisiveReflective Describing J’s and P’s

28. Some Key Words Associated with Judging Organized Decision Control Now Closure Deliberate Plan Perceiving Flexible Information Experience Later Options Spontaneous Wait 28

29. We Have a Preference We all use Judging and Perceiving as part of our lifestyle. But we usually do not use them with equal comfort. Most of us have a preference for one over the other. 29

30. Just for fun… 30

31. What are you? P?J? 31

32. Are there opportunities for conflict or misunderstanding? P J and P can work well together P’s get stuff done when stress kicks in More adaptable to deadlines and flexible to J’s needs for deadlines If J’s are too rigid, P’s will rebel J Not knowing schedule is stressful Appreciate someone who can make you think outside the box Don’t like the risk of let’s see what happens Likes certainty 32

33. Perceiving (P) vs. Judging (J) Attitude Interactions and implications for the workplace. P’s and J’s need each other, but… Judging types are effective when they can be very organized about their work. You can support them with clearly defined jobs. In general they will be less comfortable with unclear assignments as they like a clear path to completion. P supervisors can make J people uncomfortable by changing the task after the work has begun. Supports like sub tasks and deadlines are helpful to perceiving types. For them, the jobs expand to fill the available time, and they are less likely to get to optional tasks unless external structure is imposed. 33

34. Perceiving (P) vs. Judging (J) Attitude Interactions and implications for the workplace. Be careful about imposing your style on the opposite type. Job satisfaction can suffer when there is a mismatch of type and job requirements. P’s tend to be more creative. J’s are better at planning and meeting deadlines. When P is in charge, P can make J very uncomfortable in a situations where product needs to be created on deadline. P’s tend to start more than they can finish J’s might appear rigid to P’s 34

35. What are the implications and applications of this exercise? Judging types form a poor opinion of Perceiving types. Perceiving types have to look like Judging types if they are to succeed in organizational settings. Judging types pay a price for their need to organize everything—continuous low-grade stress. 35

36. 36 According to Jung, we use two mental functions to interact with the world. We take in information (perception) and then we evaluate it (judgment). We have a preferred function for perceiving and a preferred function for judging. Functions

37. 37 Our preferred mode for perceiving the world is either through the senses or through intuition.. Our preferences determine the kind of information we like and trust.

38. Sensing or iNtuition The way we take in information 38

39. Look at the following picture for 1 1 / 2 minutes, in silence, and then be prepared to share with the group what you think you have been looking at. 39

40. 40

41. Write your description here. 41

42. People with a Preference for Sensing Describe what they literally see: –Physical attributes of the picture (color, shapes, artist’s name, size) Then try to make sense out of the shapes—object sense Others can usually agree with the interpretations of the shapes 42

43. People with a Preference for Intuition Interpret the picture, seeing possibilities and meanings that are highly personalized Often make up a story about the picture May come up with a big-picture interpretation of the meaning 43

44. What Can We Conclude? When we all look at the same image, we see different things. Who sees it correctly? 44

45. The Perceiving Functions S–N People who prefer Sensing: Prefer direct experience to take in information using their five senses - sight, sound, smell, touch, and taste Are aware of the details of what is happening. Their energy is directed to using the senses to experience the world. People who prefer Intuition: Go beyond what is real or concrete and focus on meaning, associations, and relationships Are focused less on detail and more on forming an impression about or understanding what is happening. They are more able to see patterns in events. We all use both ways of perceiving, but we typically prefer and trust one more. 45

46. How People Take In Information Introduction to Type ®, p. 9 Imaginative and verbally creative Sensing (S) Types Factual and concrete Observe and remember specifics Build carefully and thoroughly toward conclusions Understand ideas and theories through practical applications Trust experience Oriented to present realities Focus on what is real and actual Intuitive (N) Types Oriented to future possibilities Remember specifics when they relate to a pattern Focus on patterns and meanings Move quickly to conclusions, follow hunches Want to clarify ideas and theories before putting them into practice Trust inspiration 46

47. SensorsiNtuitives Would rather be considered practicalWould rather be considered innovative Skilled at breaking a task down into detailed steps, allocating time, and anticipating problems. Difficulty in making detailed plans. Better at figuring out what needs done as they go along. Task always takes longer than planned. Prefer facts to theoryPrefer theory to facts Tend to perform tasks according to accepted procedures Are more likely to try to invent their own way of doing the task. Prefer doing, hands onPrefer thinking about it Trust experienceTrust inspiration S – N Preferences

48. Sensing or Intuition 48

49. Some Key Words Associated with Sensing Facts Realistic Specific Present Keep Practical What is Intuition Ideas Imaginative General Future Change Theoretical What could be 49

50. We Have a Preference We all use Sensing and Intuition when making our observations about the world. But we usually do not use them with equal trust. Most of us have a preference for one over the other. We must remember that we all trust our own perceptions, while knowing that there are many other ways of seeing the same object/situation. 50

51. What are you? S N 51

52. Class S/N Types

53. Strengths? S Hard to think ahead, in the moment Attention to detail and planning Appreciates N’s love of theory Identify with the facts Brainstorming is a stressor N Hard to narrow down ideas Idea person but appreciates S to be able to implement details Putting a story together; invention Finding a theme Brainstorming 53

54. Are there opportunities for conflict or misunderstanding? S If not coming to a resolution, an S will step up to come to a solution More likely to focus on task N Can feel shot down if the process comes to a close to quickly 54

55. Other Examples from the Group S N 55

56. 56 According to Jung, we use two mental functions to interact with the world. We take in information (perception) and then we evaluate it (judgment). We have a preferred function for perceiving and a preferred function for judging. Functions

57. 57 According to Jung, we use two mental functions to interact with the world. We take in information (perception) and then we evaluate it (judgment). We have a preferred function for perceiving and a preferred function for judging. Functions

58. 58 According to Jung, we have a preferred mode for evaluating information and making decisions, either through logical analysis (thinking) or based on impact (feeling). He called these judging functions as they describe your preferred mode for making decisions or judgments.. Our preferences determine the kind of information we like and trust.

59. Thinking or Feeling The way we make decisions, the judging functions Introduction to Type ®, p. 10 59

60. Imagine that you have been invited to a party with your partner or a close friend. Your partner/friend arrives, ready for the party. You look at what the person is wearing and say to yourself, “Oh no! Is he/she really going to wear that?” What do you do and say in this situation? Discuss in your groups. 60

61. Write your answer here. 61

62. Examples Thinking types concentrate on achieving their desired outcome—the partner/friend changes clothes or they don’t go. Feeling types often say they don’t care what the person is wearing. Thinking types are frank and to-the-point in stating their views about the clothing. Feeling types are often concerned about embarrassing the person, take a tactful, indirect approach. 62

63. Implications and Applications Thinking types look for faults and helpfully point them out. Feeling types look for good things and point them out. Which is the best approach? 63

64. The Judging Functions T–F (Thinking does not refer to mental ability in this case.) People who prefer Thinking: Make their decisions based on impersonal, objective logic Are more dispassionate in their decision making. People who prefer Feeling: Make their decisions with a person-centered, values-based process. Make judgments based on human impact to others and self. Both processes are rational and we use both often, but usually not equally easily. 64

65. Thinking or Feeling 65

66. How People Make Decisions (Judgments) Introduction to Type ®, p. 10 Guided by personal values Thinking (T) Types Use cause-and-effect reasoning Strive for an objective standard of truth Reasonable Can be “tough-minded” Fair—want everyone treated equally Analytical Solve problems with logic Feeling (F) Types Empathetic Strive for harmony and positive interactions Assess impacts of decisions on people Compassionate May appear “tenderhearted” Fair—want everyone treated as an individual 66

67. ThinkersFeelers Weight the facts when making decisions Consider the people when making decisions More important to be competentMore important to be compassionate AnalyzeSympathize PracticalSentimental FirmGentle JustSensitive T-F Preferences

68. Some Key Words Associated with Thinking Head Distant Things Objective Critique Analyze Firm but fair Feeling Heart Personal People Subjective Praise Understand Merciful 68

69. We Have a Preference We all use Thinking and Feeling when making decisions. But we usually do not use them with equal ease. Most of us have a preference for one over the other. 69

70. What are you? T?F? 70

71. Class T/F Types

72. Strengths? T Attention to detail and analysis of what is going on Can be blunt Validate feeling to fact and act on the fact Recognize facts and things that need to be done Evaluation of situation F Compassionate Open minded Understanding the needs of others Good activist Agents of social change Intuitive to body language of others Impact of the situation Treating fairly does not mean treating people equal Sensitivity to situation/people being judged 72

73. Are there opportunities for conflict or misunderstanding? TF 73

74. Other Examples from the Group? TF 74

75. About the MBTI ® Instrument An indicator—not a test Looks only at normal behavior Forced-choice questions No right or wrong answers—answer as you see fit 75

76. About the MBTI ® Results There are no good or bad types—all types have some natural strengths and some possible pitfalls or blind spots. Understanding type can help you: –In teamwork –In communication –In decision making 76

77. A Word of Caution About Test Scores Any test where questions are subject to interpretation is unlikely to yield the same result on consecutive administrations. This is referred to as the reliability of the instrument. Consequently, it is advisable to use your MBTI score as part of a validation process where you decide if your score agrees with the reported results of the MBTI. 77

78. Uses and Limitations We will talk in terms of prototypes, but our clarity of type varies. The prototypes will describe the clear types Types are preferences, and a preference for one does not indicate an absence of the other. 78

79. Pass Out Results & Break 79

80. Objectives 2-5 Combine the dichotomies to create prototypes Explore variations in personality produced by the interactions of the four dichotomies Provide examples in the workplace. Encourage sharing of examples as each type and interaction are introduced 80

81. After the break, organize yourselves by the combination of your function types. SFSFSTST NFNFNTNT 81

82. Predictions SFSFSTST NFNFNTNT Sensors would rather be considered practical; skilled at breaking a task down into detailed steps, allocating time, and anticipating problems; prefer facts to theory; tend to perform tasks according to accepted procedures, prefer doing, hands on. INtuitives would rather be considered innovative; have difficulty in making detailed plans; are better at figuring out what needs done as they go along; take longer than planned to complete tasks; prefer theory to facts; Are more likely to try to invent their own way of doing the task; prefer thinking about it.. Feelers consider the people when making decisions; believe it is more important to be compassionate; sympathize; are sentimental, gentle, and sensitive. Thinkers weight the facts when making decisions; believe it is more important to be competent; analyze, are practical, firm, and just.

83. In general, people who share the same combination of function dichotomies share similar characteristics. Understanding some of these characteristic can help us appreciate diversity among students, colleagues, family, and friends. Type theory helps us to understand the different preferences for interacting with the world and different approaches to taking in information and making decisions. More specifically, we can try to understand our own preferences, some possible preferences of our colleagues, and recognize how we might be more effective at interacting with those whose types differ from ours. 83

84. Prediction Exercise

85. More insights on how the Judging (F/T) and Perceiving (S/N) Functions Interact in this exercise? SFSFSTST NFNFNTNT 85

86. Breakout into groups, and create a list of attributes that you all agree are personal strengths. Are there other attributes that are strengths in your professional world? 86

87. Share attributes with the group SFSFSTST NFNFNTNT

88. Are there opportunities for conflict or misunderstanding? SFSFSTST NFNFNTNT

89. Questions of people in other categories? SFSFSTST NFNFNTNT

90. In spite of the fact that some types can drive you crazy, (You probably drive them crazy too!) types are value neutral They are not abilities There is no preferred type Each type has it’s own characteristic pattern of behavior All are needed 90

92. 92 According to Jung, we use two mental functions to interact with the world. We take in information (perception) and then we evaluate it (judgment). We have a preferred function for perceiving and a preferred function for judging. Functions

93. The next step will be to add Judging or Perceiving to the previous cells of our table. SFSFSTST NFNFNTNT

94. SFJSFJSTJSTJ SFPSFPSTPSTP NFJNFJNTJNTJ NFPNFPNTPNTP 94

95. Adding Perceiving and Judging Attitudes to the Interactions. The perceiving and judging attitudes also determine the preferred way of interacting with the external world. This is called the extraverted function. SFJSFJSTJSTJ SFPSFP STPSTP NFJNFJNTJNTJ NFPNFP NTPNTP

96. Return to open area and divide into J and P sub-groups. Make predictions for your type. SFJSFJSTJSTJ SFPSFPSTPSTP NFJNFJNTJNTJ NFPNFPNTPNTP

97. Characteristics SFJ Excellent at sizing up a social situation and knowing the needs of others. Sensitive and good caretakers. Cautions: Concern with immediate impact of decisions on others may lead to overlooking long term consequences. STJ Practical and Realistic. Excellent planners and organizers. Logical and analytical. They know what to do and how to get it done. Cautions: May appear cold hearted. SFP Love to experience life. Practical. Attuned to the feelings of others. Cautions; May not do well with structure and routine i.e. academic settings. STP Observant, analytical, practical, and good problem solvers. Enjoy doing since S is used to experience the world. Cautions: May be unaware of their impact on or emotions of others. NFJ Highly attuned to the feelings and motivations of others. Compassionate and inclined to service professions. Cautions: May not be practical in decisions. NTJ Insightful, creative synthesizer. Analytical & objectively critical. Innovative thinkers. Good strategic planners. Decisive. Cautions: May fail to recognize needs of others or appear overly critical. NFP Best at understanding behavior, socially innovative (possible non-conformist). Excel in the arts. Cautions: Can underutilize logic in judgments. NTP Most innovative of the types. Conceptual and theoretical. Cautions: The influence of the P attitude combined with creativity can lead to unfinished projects.

98. And finally we will add Extraversion or Introversion to see all possible combinations. ESFJESFJISFJISFJESTJESTJISTJISTJ ESFPESFPISFPISFPESTPESTPISTPISTP ENFJENFJINFJINFJENTJENTJINTJINTJ ENFPENFPINFPINFPENTPENTPINTPINTP A helpful way to understand types is to talk to someone who differs from you by one letter. 98

99. ISFJ Helpers Nurses ESFJ Most socially Aware Service provider ISTJ Organizers Good at learning skills ESTJ Administrators Manager ISFP Personal skills F-Skilled Service ESFP Bon vivant Performer ISTP Personal skills T-Skilled trades ESTP Bon vivant Promoter INFJ Helpers Counselors ENFJ Most socially Aware intellectual/emotional provider INTJ Organizers Good at understanding programs ENTJ Administrators Shaker INFP Daydreamer problem solver Nurturing ENFP Organizational innovator Creative communication INTP Daydreamer problem solver Scientific ENTP Organizational innovator Management (Change Agent) 16 Types

100. ISFJ Education Health Care Religious Settings Settings where people are helped behind the scenes ESFJ Education Health Care Religion ISTJ Management Administration Law Enforcement Accounting Occupations where experience and attention to detail are required ESTJ Management Administration Law Enforcement ISFP Health Care Business Law Enforcement Service related attentiveness to detail ESFP Health Care Teaching Coaching Childcare Worker Skilled Trades ISTP Skilled trades Technical Fields Law Enforcement Military Hands on analytical work with data or things ESTP Marketing Skilled Trades Business Law Enforcement Applied Technology INFJ Religion Counseling Teaching Arts Facilitators of emotional, intellectual, or spiritual development ENFJ Religion Arts Teaching INTJ Scientific or technical fields Computers Law Use intellectual creativity and technical skills to conceptualize, analyze, and get job done ENTJ Management Leadership INFP Counseling Writing Arts Focus on creativity, ENFP Counseling Teaching Religion Arts INTP Scientific or technical fields Solitary objective analysis of problems ENTP Science Management Technology Arts Occupational Trends of the 16 Types

101. ISFJ Helpers Nurses ESFJ Most socially Aware Service provider ISTJ Organizers Good at learning skills ESTJ Administrators Manager ISFP Personal skills F-Skilled Service ESFP Bon vivant Performer ISTP Personal skills T-Skilled trades ESTP Bon vivant Promoter INFJ Helpers Counselors ENFJ Most socially Aware Intellectual/emotional provider INTJ Organizers Good at understanding programs ENTJ Administrators Shaker/Mover INFP Daydreamer problem solver Nurturing ENFP Organizational innovator Creative communication INTP Daydreamer problem solver Scientific ENTP Organizational innovator Management (Change Agent)

102. Dominant Type Exercise (Time Permitting) ESFJESFJISFJISFJESTJESTJISTJISTJ ESFPESFPISFPISFPESTPESTPISTPISTP ENFJENFJINFJINFJENTJENTJINTJINTJ ENFPENFPINFPINFPENTPENTPINTPINTP A helpful way to understand types is to talk to someone who differs from you by one letter. 102

103. For extraverts, the dominant function is the extraverted function. For introverts, the dominant function is the introverted function. Determine the dominant function for extraverts and introverts for each cell. SFJSFJSTJSTJ SFPSFP STPSTP NFJNFJNTJNTJ NFPNFP NTPNTP 103

104. Constructive Use of Differences Isabel Myers’ goal for type and the MBTI ® instrument: Becoming aware of differences Acknowledging the value of differences Practicing new behaviours, seeking out others with differences Incorporating different perspectives into our own processes 104

105. Remember.. We have talked in terms of prototypes, but our clarity of type varies. The prototypes describe the clear types Types are preferences, and a preference for one does not indicate an absence of the other. Don’t over interpret or use type as an excuse

106. Who am I? Understanding Self Understanding Others Two major themes of this study institute 106

107. Homework Think of a couple of scenarios Examples of points of conflict you have with several people you interact with Can be colleagues, acquaintances, friends, or family Can you find clues to their types, and use your understanding of type to bridge some of the differences causing the conflict?

108. Use your RULE colleagues to help you understand differences and appreciate similarities that we all share.

111. EP Have a lot of experiences with the world More likely to involve people IP Have a lot of personal projects More likely to involve things EJ Organize the world IJ Organize themselves Resource Page - Other Interactions

112. ESP Bon vivant F-Performer T-Promoter As a group had lowest overall college grades ENP Organizational innovator T-Management (Change Agent) F-Creative communication ISP Personal skills F-Skilled Service T-Skilled trades Can become very skilled at using tools. INP Daydreamer problem solver T-Scientific F-Nurturing As a student will have a hard time with closure EFJ Most socially Aware S-=Service provider N-intellectual/emotional provider ETJ Administrators S-Manager N-Shaker IFJ Helpers N-counselors S-Nurses ITJ Organizers Good students N-programs S-tasks Resource Page - Outward Orientations

113. EPS Bon vivant Experiential, Active, Collaborative Creative, Random, Experimental Concrete, Sequential, Collaborative EPN Organizational innovator Experiential, Active, Collaborative Creative, Random, Experimental Reflective, Internal Decisions, Abstract IPS Personal skills Reflective, Abstract, Participative Creative, Random, Experimental Concrete, Sequential, Collaborative IPN Daydreamer innovator Reflective, Abstract, Participative Creative, Random, Experimental Reflective, Internal Decisions, Abstract EJF Most socially aware Experiential, Active, Collaborative Abstract, Structure, Independent Holistic, Random, Experiential EJT Administrators Experiential, Active, Collaborative Abstract, Structure, Independent Abstract, Methodical, Adaptive IJF Helpers Reflective, Abstract, Participative Abstract, Structure, Independent Holistic, Random, Experiential IJT Organizers Reflective, Abstract, Participative Abstract, Structure, Independent Abstract, Methodical, Adaptive Resource Page - Overview of Learning Preferences

114. ISTJ Adaptively creative learners One of two types among industrial technical teachers Among top four types for college grades ISFJ Second most frequent type among education majors As teachers prefer basal approach to reading instruction Rated by psychologists as one of two types least likely to have trouble in school. INFJ One of two types with highest first semester college grades Among top four types for undergraduate grades Among highest persisters INTJ Among top two types for undergraduate grades One of two types with highest first semester college grades Participant learners (learn from course content and like to go to class) ISTP Rated by psychologists as one of three types most likely to have trouble in school. Highly represented among male college scholarship athletes Among lowest in college retention ISFP Among lowest in college retention Among highest persisters in college INFP Have a general advantage in foreign language learning Most likely of the types to report suicidal thoughts in college One of two types most frequent among college alcohol policy violators INTP Highly represented among college students taking foreign languages Rated by psychologists as one of three types most likely to have trouble in school. Most frequent among college alcohol policy violators Resource Page - Some Research Results On Types in Education