1. Chapter 11 Ancient Greek Civilization Section 1 War in Ancient Greece

2. Background ● Greeks fought 3 major wars in the 400’s bc ● 2 wars against Persia as a united Greece ● Late 400’s bc was a destructive war amongst themselves

3. The Persian Wars Darius invades Greece ● Persians conquered Ionian city-states ● Ionians rebelled in 500 and with the help of Athens, burned Persian city of Sardis ● Darius was enraged and set out to conquer Greece

4. Darius Invades Greece ● Darius lands 20,000 Persian forces on the shores of Marathon near Athens ● Outnumbered 2:1, the Athenians attacked the Persians at Marathon at dawn the day after they landed ● Persians surprised/panicked and fled back to their ships and left

5. Xerxes Attacks ● Darius dies and his son, Xerxes gathers 100,000 soldiers ● Brought the Egyptian army, and used Phoenician ships because Persia controlled both countries

6. Xerxes Attacks ● Herodotus - “...There was not a nation in Asia that he did not take with him against Greece.” ● King Leonidas of Sparta held off Persian invaders for days at Thermopylae, a narrow mountain pass, until a traitor showed the Persians a path through the mountains

7. Victory for Athens ● As Xerxes army advanced into Athens, they found the city mostly empty ● Athenian leader Themistocles convinced the people to flee to nearby islands ● Xerxes burned Athens and sent 1,200 warships to pursue the Greeks

8. Victory for Athens ● Themistocles had tricked the Persians into filling the Strait of Salamis while hiding Athenian ships ● Athenian ships then rammed into Persian ships, leaving 200 broken ships to clog the strait, after losing another land battle, Xerxes took his troops and returned home

9. Athens Rivals Sparta ● Athens enjoyed a golden age after the victory of Persia ● Athens = strongest navy ● Sparta = strongest army ● Not “enough room” in Greece for both

10. The Delian League ● Athens formed an alliance with other city states on the island of Delos (“Delian”) ● Purpose = protect each other from Persia, collect money to be stored on the island’s treasury ● 150 members

11. The Delian League ● Athens treated other countries poorly (stay or leave) ● Used funds to build up their navy and improve Athens ● Constructed the Parthenon, temple to Athena

12. The Peloponnesian League ● Sparta and other city-states on the Peloponnesian Peninsula formed the Peloponnesian League ● Mostly oligarchies who feared Athens and their style of government ● Both leagues came into conflict when Delian League put a trade ban on Megara, member of Peloponnesian League ● They prepared their armies for battle

13. The Peloponnesian War The Siege of Athens ● War lasted on/off about 27 years ● Siege - force enemy surrender by cutting off food and other supplies ● Sparta set up camp outside Athens ● Athenians had all people move inside its city walls ● Athenians built 2 large walls, four miles long, to the ports so that ships could bring supplies safely

14. The Peloponnesian War The Siege of Athens ● Athenians survived for about a year and then a plague broke out inside the crowded city walls ● Thousands of Athenians died ● Spartans left for fear of catching the disease ● Both Athens and Sparta couldn’t defeat each other and reached a truce in 421 bc

15. Athens Surrenders ● Athens broke the truce and attacked Sicily, Sparta helped destroy Greek forces ● Persia saw an opportunity and paid Spartans to build a navy, now with ships, Spartans could block Athenian supply ships and Athenians starved

16. Athens Surrenders ● Athenians had to surrender to Sparta ● Demolished long walls to port ● Lost democracy ● Cities destroyed throughout Greece, thousands slaughtered, government fell, trade dropped

17. Athens Surrenders ● Constant fighting continued as the threat of the powerful kingdom to the north, Macedonia, loomed over Greece ● Macedonia would soon unite Greek city- states by force