1. Chapter 13 Industrial and Social Revolution

2. Agricultural Revolution British landowners began to increase crop production by using four field crop rotation in which the crop being grown would change each time The invention of machines meant that less workers were needed. This led families to develop cottage industries, where wool was spun and merged to make cloth

3. Inventors and their Machines Jethro Tull developed a seed drill that placed seeds in rows across a plot of land Andrew Meikle developed a threshing machine which allowed the wheat to be separated from the husks and stalks quickly Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin which allowed one worker to process 50 pounds of cotton per day while he could only process 1 pound per day before

4. Inventors and their Machines Cyrus McCormick invented a horse-drawn reaping machine that allowed farmers to cut wheat much more quickly John Fowler was one of the first to use steam engines in his invention. He designed the steam tractor to plow fields and dig drainage channels

5. Industrial Revolution The huge changes in manufacturing led the 18th and 19th centuries to be known as the Industrial Revolution The development of larger machine led industry to move from cottages and shops to large buildings or factories

6. Inventors and their Machines The steam engine was one of the most important inventions during this time. James Watt made many important improvements to the design that increased its efficiency Weaving cotton thread into cloth was a slow process until John Kay invented the flying shuttle which enabled workers to weave cotton much faster This created a need for more spools of thread. James Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny to meet this need

7. Connections Between Industrial and Commercial Relations This period of time saw the rise of entrepreneurs, people who developed businesses and sold their inventions Richard Arkwright-famous entrepreneur who got the government to protect inventions by issuing a patent, which prevented others from making a similar device The inventions were made possible by bankers and rich investors who provided the capital, or money necessary to build the inventions

8. Government Reform England passed the 1833 Factory Act which placed limits on child labor. Children under nine could not work in a textile mill and children from 9 to 13 could not work more than 8 hours a day The Mines Act barred women and boys under 10 from working in mines The Ten Hour Bill limited women and men to a 10 hour day in any industry

9. Religious Transformation John Wesley became one of the greatest preachers in Britain. He traveled by horseback and preached around 42,000 sermons George Whitefield was another influential preacher who traveled internationally to as many as 20,000 people at a time

10. End of the Slave Trade John Newton-former slave ship captain who wrote Amazing Grace and became an outspoken critic of slavery after becoming a Christian Newton influenced William Wilberforce who led the effort to abolish slavery in the British empire The Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade was a united effort by Quakers and Anglicans to fight slavery

11. Slavery in America William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass became two of the most famous American abolitionists Garrison was a skilled writer and editor of an abolitionist newspaper which he used to influence people Douglass was a former slave who had taught himself to read and write and became a dynamic speaker against slavery