1. Other Minorities Seek Equality  Objective : I can explain the efforts of Latinos, Native Americans and women to secure reforms in government policies.  Preview : Vocab: Feminism, Bilingual Education Act  Process : Notes  On Your Own : Caesar Chavez Video

2. Latinos Fight for Change ▪ Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Nicaraguans, Columbians had been immigrating to the US for years. ▪ Jobs ▪ Escape poverty, war, Communism ▪ Demanded several basic civil rights: ▪ Equal opportunity ▪ Respect for their culture/heritage ▪ Better treatment

3. The Farm Worker Movement ▪ Thousands of Latinos worked on California’s fruit and vegetable farms for little pay and low benefits. ▪ Cesar Chavez: believed that farm workers had to unionize—to bargain as a group. ▪ Established the National Farm Workers Association which later merged with the Filipino union to become the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC) ▪ 1965 California’s grape growers refused to recognize the union, Chavez launched a nationwide boycott of the companies’ grapes. ▪ Like MLK, believed in nonviolence to reach his goal. ▪ 1970 a contract was negotiated between the union and grape farm owners. Guaranteed higher wages and better benefits.

4. Brown Power & the Brown Berets ▪ Like other types of color powers we’ve talked about. ▪ Latinos across the country demand that schools offer Spanish-speaking classes and programs about their culture (Bilingual Education Act) ▪ Wanted smaller classes in education, more Latino teachers/administrators and programs to reduce the high Latino dropout rate. ▪ Worked to elect Mexican Americans to the House of Representatives, Senate (Joseph Montoya), mayor positions and spots on the school boards and city councils.

5. Native Americans Unite ▪ Frustrated at their lack of ability to control and govern their own lives. ▪ As a group, they have been the poorest of all Americans and have suffered greatly from high unemployment. ▪ Eisenhower had attempted to terminate the reservation system, failed miserably to integrate Native Americans into America’s new suburban lifestyle. ▪ Johnson established the National Council on Indian Opportunity to ensure that government programs reflected the needs and desires of the Indian people.

6. American Indian Movement (AIM) ▪ Young Native Americans dissatisfied with the slow pace of reform. ▪ Formed this group of often militant Native Americans to fight against police brutality. ▪ Later branched out to include protecting the rights of most all Native American populations. ▪ Demanded the restoration of Native American lands, burial grounds, and fishing/timber rights, along with a wider respect for their culture. ▪ Marches, sit-in’s in government buildings

7. Achievements for the Natives ▪ Indian Civil Rights Act: recognize reservation laws, and protect Indians under the Bill of Rights. ▪ Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act: greater control over their own affairs and education. ▪ Regained some of their old lands, and tons of land in Alaska (40 million acres). ▪ Financial compensation for their burdens (962 million).

8. Feminism in America ▪ Feminism: the belief that women should have economic, political and social equality with men. ▪ Jobs: certain jobs were considered “men’s work”. Women left with mainly clerical work, domestic service, retail sales, social work, teaching and nursing—all of which paid poor wages at the time. ▪ Women paid less than men, even in the same job. ▪ A book, The Feminine Mystique captured the frustrations women were feeling. Sets of the women’s movement in America.

9. National Organization for Women (NOW) ▪ 1966 ▪ Created to pursue women’s civil rights goals. ▪ Pushed for: ▪ Creation of childcare facilities ▪ Force the ban on gender discrimination in hiring ▪ Allowing women to be hired in traditionally male jobs. ▪ Women to seek political office ▪ End to educational discrimination

10. Achievements of the Women’s Movement ▪ Civil Rights Act of 1964 ▪ Roe v. Wade: 1973, women have the right to choose to have an abortion in the first three months of pregnancy. ▪ Equal Rights Amendment (ERA): would have guarantee that women and men are equal under the law. Still 3 states short of being ratified to this day.