1. 2013 REVOLUTION & INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA

2. CENTURIES OF EUROPEAN COLONIZATIO N

3. European Ideas of Enlightenment! French & American Revolutions! SPARKS OF INDEPENDENCE!

4. The peninsulares occupied the highest political positions in society as the wealthy Spanish- born citizens. * The creoles were Spaniards born in Latin America who could not hold political office but could be army officers. * Together, these two classes possessed the wealth, power, and land in Latin America. CLASS STRUGGLES & DISCONTENT

5.  World’s Leading Sugar Producer- Plantations- owned by Whites  Slave labor of non-white Haitians until late 1790’s.  1791 - 1 st Slave Rebellion, burning sugar fields and killing hundreds of slave owners- sets off 13 years of Civil War!  Toussaint L’Ouverture- self educated former slave INDEPENDENCE IN HAITI

6.  Toussaint L’Ouverture- self educated former slave  Organized rebels and by 1800 has driven all foreign forces out of Haiti.  1802- French & Napoléon Bonaparte tries to reclaim Haiti & French capture L’Ouverture dies in French Prison  Yellow fever brings death to French & finally independence in 1803.  First Independent nation in Latin America! INDEPENDENCE IN HAITI

7. INDEPENDENCE IN NEW GRENADA (VENEZUELA, COLUMBIA, BOLIVIA)

8. INDEPENDENCE IN PERU & LA PLATA (CHILE -1818, ARGENTINA-1812, ECUADOR & PERU

9. INDEPENDENCE OF NEW SPAIN (MEXICO-1821)

10. Dom Pedro 1 1822-1831 Dom Pedro 11 1831-1889 INDEPENDENCE IN BRAZIL PEACEFUL STRUGGLE, BUT MONARCHY REMAINS UNTIL 1889.

11. DATES OF INDEPENDENCE

12.  New governments had few resources and faced tremendous obstacles  Economic failure after independence,  True democracy was crushed by conservative hierarchy (Creoles)  Political corruption & political violence, distrust of government  In general 1825-1850 difficulties and no real progress economically or of liberal ideas/governments.  Lack of transportation systems and infrastructure…  Conservative governments ultimately take hold and little change occurs… MAJOR PROBLEMS THE NEW NATIONS FACED!

13.  Unlike India in 1947, when the colonial power, the white British left the country and the Indians began to establish a new government.  In most Latin American countries, the Peninsulares left the country after independence,  But the white Creoles, now top of the rigid class system, stayed in power and oppressed the other social classes.  Caudillo, Latin American military dictator and conservative governments. CREOLES PAY “LIP SERVICE” TO IDEAS OF FREEDOM!!!

14. Next slides HISTORY- IMPORTANT TIME PERIODS IN LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY

15. James Monroe Warning for European to stay out of Latin America, But give the U.S. the power to “intervene” in Latin America! America’s Good Neighbor policy… MONROE DOCTRINE

16. Fidel Castro & RevolutionChe Guevara CUBA & COMMUNIST IDEOLOGY

17.  U.S. government saw any Marxist Revolution in Latin America as a Soviet supported (as had in Cuba)  In reality Marxism in Latin America meant siding with the weak and impoverished masses against the rich minority and the U.S. multinational corporations.  U.S. policy supports a violent counter revolutionary reaction to liberal governments or liberal revolutionary groups in 1960s & 1970s…  The U.S. government made alliances with military generals and increased the power of the army = military dictatorships REACTION TO LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS & THREAT OF COMMUNISM NEAR U.S. 1960-1990S

18. U.S. often supported the ruthless dictators in Latin America Military operations to “stop the spread of communism in Latin America. U.S. IN LATIN AMERICA!!

19. DECADES OF DICTATORS, CAUDILLOS & OLIGARCHIES; USUALLY SUPPORTED BY U.S. GOVERNMENT

20. DIRTY WARS OR CIVIL WARS IN LATIN AMERICA!

21. PRESERVATION OF CONSERVATIVE GOVERN & THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH- EL SALVADOR

22.  New generation of liberals-  Move towards true democracies in countries NEO-LIBERALISM 1990- PRESENT