1. Computer Architecture Furkan Rabee forkanr@hotmail.com

2. Course Components 1. Computer Architecture and Microprocessors. 3. principles, instruction sets, instruction format, addressing modes, assembly/machine language programming. 4. CISC versus RISC architectures, subroutine call and return mechanism. 5. Control unit: hardwired, micro-programmed. 6. Storage system and their technology: memory hierarchy, main memory organization and operations, cycle time, bandwidth and interleaving; cache memory. 7. Addressing mapping, block size, replacement and store policy; virtual memory 8. I/O fundamentals: handshaking, buffering, programmed I/O, interrupts- driven I/O; Buses: types, bus protocols, arbitration, Direct Access Memory; Parallel processing; Pipelining: principles, Instruction pipelines, Pipelines difficulties and solutions; Introduction to SIMD, MIMD.

3. References D. Sima, T. Fountain, P. Kacsuk, Advanced Computer Architecture, Addison-Wesley, latest. H.S. Stone, High-performance Computer Architecture, 3rd edition, Addison-Wesley, latest. J. L. Hennessy and D. A. Patterson, Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Morgan Kaufmann, latest. Patterson, D. A. and Hennessy, J. L., Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/ Software Interface, Morgan Kaufmann, latest.

4. History The modern microcomputer has roots going back to USA in the 1940 ’ s. Of the many researchers, the Hungarian-born mathematician, John von Neumann (1903-57), is worthy of special mention. He developed a very basic model for computers which we are still using today.

5. John von Neumann (1903-57). Progenitor of the modern, electronic PC. Von Neumann divided a computer ’ s hardware into 5 primary groups: · CPU · Input · output · working storage · permanent storage This division provided the actual foundation for the modern PC, as von Neumann was the first person to construct a computer which had working storage (what we today call RAM). And the amazing thing is, his model is still completely applicable today. If we apply the von Neumann model to today ’ s PC, it looks like this:

6. The Von Neumann model in the year 2004

7. Organization and Architecture In describing computer systems, a distinction is often made between Computer Architecture and Computer Organization Computer Architecture Architecture refers to systems attributes visible to a (low-level) programmer It refers to those attributes that have direct impact on the execution of a program, such as Instruction set Number of bits used for data representation I/O mechanism Addressing Techniques

8. Computer Organization Organization refers to the operational units and their interconnection that realize the architectural specification. i.e. Architecture can have a number of organizational implementation –Control signals –Technologies –Device implementation Organization and Architecture A family of processors shares the same basic architecture –All Intel x86 share the same basic architecture –The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture In the families, organization differs between different versions. –This gives backward code compatibility.

9. Computer Organization:- Computer organization deals with the physical component of computer system that interacts with each other to perform various functionality or Computer organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architecture specification. Computer organization is implementation of its architecture. Organization describes how it does it. Organization is like building a house by a brick. Organization changes with changing technology. Example of organizational attributes include hardware details transparent to the programmer such as control signal and peripheral.

10. Computer Architecture:- Computer Architecture refers to set of attributes that are visible to the programmer. Computer Architecture is more about design construction that may lead to better performance of the system. Architecture describes what the computer does. Computer Architecture comes before organization. It's like building the design and architecture of the house which takes maximum time A particular computer architecture may span over many years and can have number of different computer models.

11. Computer Structure and Functions Structure: the way in which components are related to each other. Function: the operation of individual components as part of the structure Function. In all the basic functions a computer can perform are Data processing Data storage Data movement Control

12. Structure There are four main structural components of the computer Central Processing Unit Main memory I/O System Interconnection The Computer: Top- Level Structure

13. The Central Processing Unit

14. The Control Unit

15. Processo r Cache Memory - I/O Bus Main Memor y I/O Controlle r Dis k I/O Controlle r I/O Controller Graphic s Network interrupt s I/O Systems

16. Computer Generations: The first generation : vacuum tube system (1951-1958). First generation computers used tube to provide electronic circuits. These computers ; were slow, unreliable expansive, and tedious to program. The second generation : transistor system (1954-1964). The second generation of computer began when transistor replaced vacuum tubes. One important development was the invention of high level programming language. The third generation: the Integrated circuit (IC) (1964-1971). Integrated circuits replaced transistors in this generation. Its smaller, faster, more reliable than wiring to gather separate transistors.

17. The fourth generation : large-scale integration (1971-1984). Computer are classified by the type of data they are designed to process: 1.Analogue computers : are machine designed to perform arithmetical functions upon numbers, where the numbers are represented by some physical quantity. 2. Digital computers: which is most used type of computers. It operates by directly counting a numbers (0,1) digits. 3. Hybrid computers: this type of computers combine the features of analogue and digital computer.

18. The fifth generation : The fifth generation has following specifications: use the large logic circuit to build the main parts of computers. appearing the Artificial Intelligence (AI) application to make the computer participate in logical decisions making. high speed and large ability for storage by comparing with previous generations. The sixth generation: This generation has the following specification: appearing the computer of Neural Network (NN), its simulation to the work of brain of human. very high speed and perform the complex operations in standard time. Needs operating system (O.S) and special programming language.