1. World Geography
Chapter 10
Mexico

2. Section 1: Geography of Mexico
World Geography
Chapter 10: Mexico
Section 1: Geography of Mexico
Section 2: Place of Three Cultures
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

3. 1
Geography of Mexico
What are the main physical characteristics that affect daily life in Mexico’s heartland region?
How do Mexico’s four coastal plains regions differ?

4. The Heartland Region Natural Hazards1
The Heartland Region
Natural Hazards
Mexico’s central plateau, or area of high, flat land, is geologically unstable.

5. Mexico is located at intersection of four tectonic plates.
Some mountains are active volcanoes.
Frequent earthquakes shake the land.

6. Climate Factors
The mountains block rainfall in much of the central plateau.
The southern end of the plateau receives more rain than the arid north.
High elevation keeps temperatures mild year-round.
The majority of the population live here.

7. The Coastal Regions Northern Pacific Coast1
The Coastal Regions
Northern Pacific Coast
It has a hot and arid climate.
Irrigation, or artificial watering, gives this region some of the best farmland in Mexico.

8. Southern Pacific Coast
The Sierra Madre del Sur mountain range edges a narrow coast.
There is little farmland, but a spectacular setting and tropical climate favor tourism.

9. Gulf Coastal Plain
Vast deposits of petroleum and natural gas are under the plain and Gulf of Mexico.
It is one of the major oil-producing regions of the world.

10. Yucatán Peninsula
Rainfall dissolves the limestone bedrock, producing underground caverns that sometimes collapse, forming sinkholes.
Mayan ruins attract tourists and archaeologists.

11. Section 1 Review The geological instability of the central plateau
a) is slowly dividing the plateau in half.
b) produces dangerous volcanoes and earthquakes.
c) causes heavy rainfalls.
d) has created a flat, low land.
Mayan ruins have attracted tourists and archaeologists to which region?
a) the northern Pacific coastal plain
b) the Gulf coastal plain
c) the southern Pacific coastal plain
d) the Yucatán peninsula
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12. Section 1 Review The geological instability of the central plateau
a) is slowly dividing the plateau in half.
b) produces dangerous volcanoes and earthquakes.
c) causes heavy rainfalls.
d) has created a flat, low land.
Mayan ruins have attracted tourists and archaeologists to which region?
a) the northern Pacific coastal plain
b) the Gulf coastal plain
c) the southern Pacific coastal plain
d) the Yucatán peninsula
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13. Guided Reading Answers Section 1
1. lies between the Sierra Madres; region with most people, major cities, and best farmland; has earthquakes and active volcanoes; climate is mild
2. dry, hot, and thinly populated; Tijuana, fast-growing city; irrigated farmland produces wheat, cotton, and other crops; Baja California peninsula is mountainous desert
3. narrow coastland along steep-sided Sierra Madre del Sur; tourist area; resort cities of Alcapulco, Mazatlan, and Puerto Vallarta
4. deposits of petroleum and natural gas along the plain and offshore; major oil-producing region
5. generally flat; rain drains underground, dissolves limestone, and creates caverns; sinkholes formed when cavern roofs collapse
6. area of high, flat land
7. strip of land that juts out into a body of water
8. the artificial watering of farmland by storing and distributing water from reservoirs or rivers
9. depression formed by the collapse of the roof of an underground cavern

14. A Place of Three Cultures2
A Place of Three Cultures
How did Mexico become a Spanish colony?
What were key political events in the development of democracy in Mexico?
What social problems face Mexico today?
What are the main characteristics of the Mexican economy?

15. 2
Aztecs and Spaniards
The Aztecs had built a powerful empire in central Mexico.
Tenochtitlán occupied the site of modern Mexico City.

16. Hernán Cortés, a Spanish adventurer, marched his soldiers into Tenochtitlán in 1519.
Within two years, the Aztec empire was destroyed.
The territory won by Cortés became the colony of New Spain.

17. Four social classes emerged in New Spain:
the peninsulares
Spanish person born in Spain
the criollos
Spanish ancestry living in America
the mestizos
mixed Spanish and Indigenous ancestry
the Indians
Native Americans

18. Indians provided labor on Spanish-owned haciendas, large estates run as farms or cattle ranches.
The Spanish king rewarded the conquistadors by granting them both haciendas and the Indians who worked them in a system known as encomienda.
Under encomienda, Indians lived a slave-like existence.

20. 2
Road to Democracy
Criollo resentment of the privileges of peninsulares erupted into conflict in the early 1800s.
Mexico achieved independence by 1821, but was not democratic.

21. The Mexican Revolution began in 1910 when Peasants and middle-class Mexicans rebelled.
The new Mexican government was a federal republic with an elected president and congress.
The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) controlled Mexican politics until the election in 2000.

22. 2
Social Conditions
After the Mexican Revolution, the government divided haciendas among landless peasants in policy of land redistribution.
The government awarded most of the redistributed land in ejidos, land held collectively by members of a rural community. In an ejidos, farmers generally practice subsistence farming, only growing enough to meet their own needs.

23. One third of Mexico’s farms are huge commercial farms called latifundios, which, along with some ejidos, raise cash crops-crops raised for sale and profit.

24. Many landless, jobless peasants travel from place to place as migrant workers.
Cities offer better job opportunities and chances for education than the countryside, but most urban dwellers in Mexico are very poor and struggle to survive.

25. Since NAFTA was passed, manufacturing has increased and unemployment has declined in Mexico.

26. Economic Activities Major Industries2
Economic Activities
Major Industries
Petroleum extraction and tourism are important to Mexico’s economy.
The state-owned oil company provides revenue that rises or falls along with oil prices.
Climate, scenery, and cultural history make tourism an important source of income for Mexico.
Tourism is a cleaner alternative to industry; Mexicans call tourism the “smokeless industry.”

27. Border Industries
Maquiladoras, factories that assemble products for export to the United States, are clustered along the United States-Mexico border.
People have raised concerns about work and pay in maquiladoras, but employment has increased and workers’ skills have improved.
Concerns have been raised about pollution from factories and the damage to health and the environment.

28. Section 2 Review How did Hernán Cortés affect the Aztec empire?
a) He traded European goods with the Aztecs.
b) He conquered the Aztec empire for Spain.
c) He exchanged ideas and technology with the Aztecs.
d) He gave the Aztecs tribute from the Spanish king.
What are two of the most important industries in Mexico?
a) diamond mining and electronics
b) petroleum extraction and timber cutting
c) steel and tourism
d) petroleum extraction and tourism
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29. Section 2 Review How did Hernán Cortés affect the Aztec empire?
a) He traded European goods with the Aztecs.
b) He conquered the Aztec empire for Spain.
c) He exchanged ideas and technology with the Aztecs.
d) He gave the Aztecs tribute from the Spanish king.
What are two of the most important industries in Mexico?
a) diamond mining and electronics
b) petroleum extraction and timber cutting
c) steel and tourism
d) petroleum extraction and tourism
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30. Guided Reading Ch. 10 Section 2
1. Mexico became a colony of Spain when Spanish adventurer Hernan Cortes and his conquistadors conquered the Aztecs, as well as the other Indian groups in Mexico, claiming the territory for Spain.
2. Mexico achieved democracy after the Mexican Revolution ( ). Peasants and middle-class Mexicans rebelled against the military dictators who took over when Mexico achieved independence in 1821.
3. After the Mexican Revolution, the government began redistributing the land of the haciendas to landless peasants. Some of the land was given to entire communities, to be farmed as ejidos. Other lands are owned by individuals or farming companies and are farmed as latifundios.
4. Mexico’s major industries are petroleum extraction and tourism. Petroleum extraction is a major industry because great reserves lie off the Gulf coast, and tourism thrives because of Mexico’s climate, scenery, tropical beaches, and rich cultural history.
5.c, 6.e, 7.a, 8.d, 9.g, 10.i, 11.b, 12.f, 13.h