1. The Reformation and Scientific Revolution

2. Humanism -Focus on classical Greek and Roman culture -Focused on worldly subjects rather than religious subjects

3. Church Abuses -Popes lived lavishly and churches were beautiful. -Indulgences: payment to reduce time a soul would spend in purgatory before going to heaven.

4. Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) - German Monk, professor of theology. -Created the 95 Theses – ･ HERESY: An opinion or a doctrine differing with established religious beliefs.

6. Luther’s Teachings ･ Wanted ordinary people to be able to read the Bible (so translated it) ･ Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints. ･ Encouraged ex-priests to live as men and have families. Protestants - those who protested against the Pope.

7. John Calvin ･ PREDESTINATION: ･ that God had already determined who would be saved ･ Theocracy - Government based on religion

9. Council of Trent in 1545 - Reaffirmed Catholic belief that salvation comes through faith and good works. - Admitted there was corruption that had to end in the Church - Sought better education for priests.

10. The Jesuits Soldiers of God Very educated to combat heresy.