1. TEACHING STRATEGIES AND METHODOLOGIES FOR TEACHING & LEARNING

2. I. TRADITIONAL 1 Lecturing 2. Discussion 3. Questioning 4. Using Audio-visual

3. 1. LECTURING

4. TYPES OF LECTURES 1. TRADITIONAL ORAL ESSAY  The teacher is the orator and ONLY speaker  Expositions done on topic – inspirational or information 2. PARTICIPATORY LECTURE > Begins w/ brainstorming from what students read

5. 3. LECTURE W/ UNCOMPLETED HANDOUTS  Resembles traditional oral essay but w/ handouts (blank spaces) 4. FEEDBACK LECTURE > Consists of mini-lectures interspaced w/ 10 minute small group discussions

6. 5. MEDIATED LECTURE – uses media such as films, slides or Web based images + traditional lecture

7. PURPOSES OF LECTURES

8. 1. Efficient means of introducing learners to new topic and sets the stage of learning 2. Stimulates learner’s interest 3. Helps to integrate and synthesize a large body of knowledge 4. For clarification of difficult parts (arrythmia, acid-base balances) 5. To advance knowledge when textbooks are not available

9. ADVANTAGES OF LECTURING 1. It is economical. Great deal of information – shared. 2. Supplies and textbooks become true to life  ‘theater’ 3. Teacher serves as model  students see a ‘creative mind at work’ 4. Helps students develop their listening abilities

10. DISADVANTAGES OF LECTURING 1. Puts learners in the PASSIVE ROLE of a sponge 2. Focuses on the TEACHING OF FACTS with little focus on PS, DM, analytical thinking or transfer of learning  results in SURFACE learning 3. Does not meet student’s individual learning needs 4. Student’s have little attention time span (15 minutes)

11. ORGANIZING LECTURES Take time to plan for the objective of a lecture Make an outline  HEIRARCHICAL/CLASSICAL LECTURE Ex. Research Design

12. DELIVERING THE LECTURE  Plan your delivery  Rehearse  Consciously think of the delivery  to maximize effectiveness

14. 2. DISCUSSIONS

15. TYPES OF DISCUSSIONS 1. FORMAL DISCUSSIONS  Announced topic  Reading, watching movie – done in advance 2. INFORMAL DISCUSSIONS  Spontaneous

16. PURPOSES & ADVANTAGES 1. Learns problem solving method (groups) 2. Opportunity to apply principles, concepts & theories 3. Clarifies information & concepts 4. Assists to evaluate beliefs/positions (professional, societal or ethical issues) > change in attitudes & values

17. DISADVANTAGES 1. Takes a lot of time 2. One person/few participants (monopolies) 3. Gathering of uninformed opinions

18. DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES 1. Make expectations clear.  ‘Students know exactly what they have to do for discussion’ Ex. Chapter to read, watch a video 2. Set ground rules. > Limitations (e.g. time, no. of speakers, interruptions during speech)

19. 3. Arrange physical space.  Circle sitting arrangement 4. Plan a discussion starter.  Ask participants to come up with opening questions  Study questions – handed out prior to meeting

20. 5. Facilitate, do not discuss.  Refrain from talking. Watch group progress. Keep everyone engage in discussions. 6. Encourage quiet members to participate.  Make eye contact and smile.  Give direct, simple questions: “Mary, what do you think?”

21. 7. Don’t allow monopolies.  Eye contact.  Be blunt when needed.. “We’ve been hearing a lot fro Sarah. Now, let us hear of the rest of you think.” 8. Direct the discussion among group members. > Leaders facilitate.

22. 9. Keep the discussion on track.  “We seem to have strayed a little fro our topic. Let’s pick up on the last topic that Lot was talking about.” 10. Clarify when confusion reigns. > Recording may help the group. Let them learn the act of clear self-expression.

23. 11. Tolerate some silence. Silence gives everyone a chance to think. 12. Summarize when appropriate.

24. 3. QUESTIONING  Can be a teaching strategy  Ask questions  higher order thinking

25. FUNCTIONS OF QUESTIONS 1. Places the learners in an active role  Simple recall  Helps students analyze concepts  Evaluate worth of ideas  Speculate “if” 2. Assesses baseline knowledge  retention

26. 3. Helps review content – enlightens gray areas 4. Motivates students  Stimulates thinking & curiosity 5. Guides learner’s thought process

27. QUESTIONING TECHNIQUES  Supportive teachers  promote questioning 1. Prepare some questions ahead of time  Match with objectives 2. State questions clearly and specifically > Ex. “Can you give me an example of how respnodeat superior can be practiced?”

28. 3. Tolerate some silence. 4. Listen carefully to responses.  Don’t interrupt. 5. Use the “beam, force, build” technique.  BEAM – send Q to the class  FORCE – call one student at a time  BUILD – redirect the question to other students

29. 6. Provide feedback.  Allow a few seconds of silence and ask, “Can anyone add to the answer?” 7. Handle wrong answers carefully.  “I am sorry Edward but it’s not quite it.”  “Yvette, you are correct in saying that ____, but that is not the best way to go.”

30. STIMULATING LEARNERS TO ASK QUESTIONS  Learners should be rewarded for asking good questions.  Thinking is driven not by answers by good questioning.

31. HOW TO ENGAGE?  Thank or praise the student for asking questions.  Talk to the whole class not only the questioner. This keeps the whole class / group involved.

32. 4. USING VISUAL AIDS  Can enhance teaching  Can add interest to the classroom

33. ISSUES  Correct choice?  Available?  Effective?

34. FACTORS TO CONSIDER: SELECTING MEDIA 1. Learning objectives  Opt for variety 2. Availability of materials / technical assistance 3. Level, ability & number of students

35. TYPES OF TRADITIONAL AUDIOVISUALS 1. HANDOUTS  Printed materials – communicate facts, figures, concepts  Saves a lot of time for information 2. CHALKBOARDS/ WHITEBOARDS  Useful for mathematical problems

36. 3. OVERHEAD TRANSPARENCIES (OHP)  Saves time, helps organize and illustrates content  Costly 4. SLIDES > Used to show pictures, project diagrams, charts and word concepts

37. ADVANTAGES OF SLIDES:  Affordable  Easy to store  Easy to update/ recognize DISADVANTAGES OF SLIDES:  Costly projector bulbs – don’t last long

38. 5. VIDEO TAPES  In-house filming, video-clips  Used during: 1) role playing; 2) communication; 3) counseling skills ADVANTAGES OF VIDEOTAPES:  Provides personal touch  Standardized exposure – in spite of distance  Used at learner’s own pacing

39. DISADVANTAGES OF VIDEOTAPES  Costly  Communication is one way – learner’s become passive