1. Unit IV: Migration and Industrialization Chapter 13: Changes on the Western Frontier

2. Cultures Clash on the Prairie Culture, Technology and Politics How does the introduction of the horse in 1598 change the culture of Great Plains Amerindians? Why do White and Native Americans take such different views of land “ownership?” What prompts settlers to take the risks of pioneering? Early Policies 1834: Great Plains are designated as reservation for the Amerindians. 1850's: United States redraws boundaries. Native Americans do not recognize them.

3. Hunters and Hunted The Sand Creek Massacre Cheyenne Indians agree to armistice Cheyenne tribe slaughtered indiscriminately The Bozeman Trail Sioux unsuccessfully oppose White American settlement Fetterman Massacre Treaty of Fort Laramie How could we predict this Treaty would not work?

4. Battles Continue The Red River War Reservation policy (1868) Kiowa and Comanche defeated The Sioux War Gold discovered in the Black Hills Black Hills are sacred to the Sioux Custer’s Last Stand Crazy Horse counterattacks with superior forces, destroying the 7 th Cavalry Reservations exist on the poorest lands, with sharply defined boundaries

5. The End of the Indian Wars Why can’t the Native Americans compete effectively with the U.S.? The Death of the Buffalo Ecological Warfare Bureau of Indian Affairs Notorious for incompetence and corruption. Why? Stories of maltreatment inspire activism Battle of Wounded Knee (1898) Last massacre of the Native Americans

6. The Dawes Act You Will Be Assimilated Reformers believe that Amerindians must conform to white American culture Suppression of tribal rituals The Dawes Act Intended to provide Indians with the land and citizenship to make them the equals of whites Why doesn't this work?

7. The Business of Beef Cow Towns What is fueling the demand for beef? What other industries does this encourage and compete with? What kills the Open Range?

8. Agricultural and Mechanical Railroads Why does this encourage Western settlement? The Homestead Act (1862) Why does the government give away land? What groups compete for the land? Frontier closed (1893) The Morrill Act Land-grant Universities funded How are these different from existing colleges?

9. Organizing Farmers Bonanza Why is there resentment between farmers and railroads? Problems facing farmers Falling crop prices Argentina and Canada compete; how do we see similar pressures working today? More US farms are also competing As more goods are produced, what happens to the economy?

10. Organizing Farmers Problems of Farmers High railroad rates Why are railroad rates so high? Debts force farmers to mortgage land Farmers often lose land, becoming tenants. Tariffs Why are these bad for farmers (and who are they good for?

11. Farmer's Unions Farming Unions The Grange Fights the railroads. Its plan? Farmers' Alliances The Southern Alliance Lower taxes on farmers, higher taxes on railroads Storage systems for crops Government loans at low interest Disputes between Southern and Northern alliances over black membership The Populist Party results

12. The Populists The Populist Platform Platform: The issues a party stands on to gain support. Populists call for more power to be in the hands of the people Planks: Increased money supply Graduated Income Tax Secret ballots Direct election of Senators; term limits for President Nationalization of banks, railroads, and telegraphs Eight-hour workday and restricted immigration

13. The Rise and Fall of Populism The Panic (Depression) of 1893 Causes European depression means fewer exports Farm economy weak: falling prices Railroads also in debt. Why? Results Silver prices fall, becoming cheaper than gold Gold and silver dollars both minted, but gold dollars are now more valuable than silver. What happens?

14. The Golden Tickets “The Name is Bond. Grover’s Bond” What is a bond? What might “gold bug” President Cleveland be trying to do by selling bonds? Why would anyone buy them? J.P. Morgan's Banks Intervene and sell the bonds to the public for a higher price.

15. Silver and Gold Bimetallism and the Gold Standard What are the advantages and disadvantages of each idea? Populists and Democrats Election Strategy What is the danger to the Populists if they join with the Democrats in running against McKinley and the Republicans? If they don’t? What does the Populist party allow Democrats to gain?

16. The Campaign of 1896 McKinley, Bryan, and the Cross of GoldCross of Gold WJB’s strategy? What is its appeal? Who is Bryan “selling” to? McKinley’s appeal? Record numbers of voters participate McKinley’s Victory How does Bryan lose the urban labor vote? Why does the Populist party collapse? Ironically, gold discoveries in Alaska expand the money supply anyway