1. Racism in Brazil Humberto Mesquita Fulbright - Brazilian FLTA

2. Brazil is a multiracial society Unlike North American and European conventional black/white (or, at least white/non-white) dichotomy, Brazil has a legacy of multiracialism, in spite of early attemps to enforce racial endogamy. There are three fundamental types of mestizos in Brazil; Caboclo = White + Native Brazilian Mulatto = Black + White Cafuzo = Native Brazilian + Black This makes race relations in Brazil more complex than in U.S..

3. Preto x Negro Accurate color terminology is especially difficult when discussing Brazil. The terms used in Brazilian census – preto, pardo and branco – translate literally as “black”, “brown” and “white”. “Afro-Brazilian” or “Negro” would be the appropriate terms to refer to preto and pardo people, since preto (the literal Portuguese translation of “black”) is far more restrictive and often pejorative in Brazil. “Negro” is also the term Afro-Brazilian militants use to refers to themselves.

4. Historical Roots When the Portuguese colonized Brazil, they used African and Indigenous slaves to build their empire. Slavery in Brazil lasted for approximately three centuries, from the start of the 16th century to the mid-19 th. The nation was the last in the Americas to abolish slavery, in 1888. 10x more Africans came to Brazil than to U.S. in the entire history of slavery.  Portugal controlled most of the ports where the slave trade happened. Therefore, Portuguese colonists had easy access to cheap work force.  Voyages were shorter taking Africans to Brazil than to the Caribean and then to the U.S..

5. Historical Roots Between 1890 and 1940 neither the Brazilian government nor Brazilian social scientists considered race to be a significant enough variable to justify recording it in the national census. Even when race was later included, as in 1950 and 1960, until the 1976 household survey (PNAD 1 ) there were no data by race on income, education, health, and housing (there were limited data on marriage, fertility, and morbidity). Assimilationist ideology (Skidmore 1974). 1 PNAD: Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio

6. Racism Today Almost 70 percent of people living in extreme poverty are black. And they are almost totally absent from positions of power. All 39 ministers of President Dilma Rousseff’s cabinet are white, except one: the head of the Special Secretariat for the Promotion of Racial Equality. 28 children and teenagers die everyday in Brazil. If you are a black teenager this risk is 4x higher. The risk of murder increases by 12x if you are male. (Datasus, 2013) The notion that Brazil is a racial democracy is a myth. Brazilian society is in denial of the existance of racism. "The biggest cruelty we face is invisibility, the feeling that we don't exist.” Benedita da Silva

7. The “neck test” It consists of counting the number of white and black people in different roles in different circumstances.

8. Virtual Racism

9. Black Women’s March

10. Affirmative Actions Law of Social Quotas: requires public universities to reserve half of their admission spots for Brazilian public school students.” This law is intended to promote racial equality.

11. French consul Alexandra Loras on Racism

12. Black in Latin America Brazil: racial paradise?

13. Black teenagers murdered by cops

14. Questions

15. References da Silva, Benedita. Benedita da Silva: An Afro-Brazilian Woman. Oakland: Food First Books, 1997. do Nascimento, Abdias and Elisa Larkin Nascimento. "Dance of Deception: A reading of Race Relations in Brazil." Beyond Racism. Ed. Charles V. Hamilton, Lynn Huntly, Neville Alexander, Antonio Sergio Alfredo Guimaraes, Wilmot James. Boulder: Lynn Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2001. Rodriguez, Clara. Latin Looks. Boulder: Westview Press, Inc., 1998. Paulson, Susan. Research Critique. November 5, 2007. Minzenberg, Eric. ATH 426 Journal Entry. 21 July 2007. Goldani, Ana Maria. "Racial Inequality in the Lives of Brazilian Women." Race In Contemporary Brazil. Ed. Rebecca Reichmann. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania University Press, 1999. Azevedo, Celia Maria Marinho de. 1987. Onda Negra, Medo Branco: O Negro no Imaginário das Elites: Século XIX. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra.

16. References Fernandes, Florestan. 1969. The Negro in Brazilian Society. New York: Columbia University Press. Vianna, Francisco José de Oliveira. 1922. Evolução do Povo Brasileiro. Rio de Janeiro.

17. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/24/opinion/vanessa-barbara-in- denial-over-racism-in-brazil.html http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/24/opinion/vanessa-barbara-in- denial-over-racism-in-brazil.html http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/10/brazil-racism- universities_n_7035450.html http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/10/brazil-racism- universities_n_7035450.html http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/05/22/408813624/expats- find-brazils-reputation-for-race-blindness-is-undone-by-reality http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/05/22/408813624/expats- find-brazils-reputation-for-race-blindness-is-undone-by-reality http://tasometro.com/post/28-jovens-brasileiros-morreram-ontem- hoje-vao-morrer-mais-28 http://tasometro.com/post/28-jovens-brasileiros-morreram-ontem- hoje-vao-morrer-mais-28 http://community.miamioh.edu/writingcontest2007/node/133 http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2015/11/aquilo-foi-uma- execucao-diz-pai-de-rapaz-morto-em-costa-barros-no-rio.html http://g1.globo.com/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2015/11/aquilo-foi-uma- execucao-diz-pai-de-rapaz-morto-em-costa-barros-no-rio.html

18. OBRIGADO!